tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13725141356684462102024-03-13T14:21:59.380+01:00Sparta ReconsideredHelena P. Schrader is a scholar of ancient Sparta who has participated in international academic conferences and was a guest speaker in the modern City of Sparti's "Sparta Live!" program. Her novels on ancient Sparta extrapolate from ancient sources to create a credible interpretation of Spartan society.They have won praise from leading academic experts on ancient Sparta and have been translated into Greek and Polish.Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.comBlogger222125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-76140658172934286482024-03-13T11:30:00.002+01:002024-03-13T11:30:00.129+01:00The Perioikoi<div style="text-align: center;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #990000; font-family: League Spartan;">It
is one of the ironies of recorded history that we generally know much
more about the tiny, ruling elite in any society than about the masses
that actually composed it. Thus we know about the lives and loves of
medieval kings, but little about the peasants that represented more than
90% of their subjects. Likewise, Lacedaemonian history is dominated by
the tiny class of Spartiates, albeit a great deal has also been written
about the allegedly unjustly oppressed helots. The segment of
Lacedaemonian society that has received the least scholarly attention is
the “middle class” – the perioikoi. </span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">The
lack of modern literature on the perioikoi is undoubtedly a result of
the lack of historical and archeological information about this segment
of Spartan society. The fact is, we know almost nothing about them --
not their origins, their history, the density of population, their laws
or the nature of their relationship with the ruling Spartiates or their
relationship to helots. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">The
lack of archaeological finds has led some historians to hypothesize that
they were an essentially rural population, hardly better off than the
helots themselves. Yet the very fact that they provided hoplites in at
least equal numbers as the Spartiates casts serious doubt on this
conclusion. I would also note that the archaeological finds in Sparta
itself hardly reflect the might and wealth that we know Sparta enjoyed.
For whatever reasons, the existing archaeological evidence from
Lacedaemon is an incomplete, indeed inadequate, reflection of the
society that inhabited the region in the 7th to 3rd Centuries BC.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">John
Chadwick in “The Mycenaean World" claims that the Mycenaeans found a
native population on the Peloponnese, which they subjugated. When the
Dorians invaded, they conquered the remnants of the Mycenaeans. This
sequence of events might explain the three class system in Lacedaemon:
the helots were the original inhabitants already reduced to serf-like
status by the Mycenaeans, and the Mycenaeans became the perioikoi after
the Dorian invasion. All three groups were essentially ethnically
distinct and status depended on who had conquered whom. The situation
appears to have been stable until the Spartans invaded Messenia and
subdued another Dorian population. But all this is speculation.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
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<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">Yet,
while we know almost nothing about the perioikoi, we can infer a great
deal. We know, for example, that in the later years of the Peloponnesian
war, perioikoi hoplites were fully integrated with Spartan units – and
that implies comparable levels of training, equipment and above all
trust. While the enemies of Sparta (and modern commentators) make much
of the hostility of the helots to Spartiate rule, the loyalty of the
perioikoi is rarely questioned – or mentioned, despite its significance. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">We also know that Sparta had a fleet but that Spartiates had virtually no
opportunity to gain the extremely complex knowledge necessary to build
and sail ancient vessels. We know that Spartiates were prohibited from
pursuing any profession other than that of arms and civic service, yet Lacedaemon had extensive
international trade. We know further that Lacedaemon produced and
exported timber, pottery, and bronze works. It had mines and quarries,
and, of course, every kind of craft necessary to daily life in the
ancient world from carpentry and metal working to tanning and
basket-weaving. Who provided the manpower and the know-how for all these
various industries, if the Spartiates were prohibited and the helots
were working the land?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
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<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">The
logical answer is the perioikoi. Furthermore, by ascribing to the
perioikoi these various urban professions generally held by citizens in
other Greek cities, we quickly see a way in which the perioikoi could
have been both integrated and co-opted into Spartan society despite
their undeniable second-class political status. The Perioikoi had no
voice in Spartan policy and yet were expected to risk their lives
side-by-side with the Spartiates. It hardly seems credible that they
would have accepted this situation for long – particularly in the bad
years of the Peloponnesian War – if they had not enjoyed other benefits.
</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
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<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">The
financial benefits of a monopoly on industry and trade throughout the
rich territory of Lacedaemon could be such an incentive. The very
restrictive nature of Spartan citizenship, which confined Spartiates to
the army and civic duties, opened immense opportunities for the
perioikoi to enrich themselves. Even if completely excluded from
land-holding (which to my knowledge they were not, but which might have
been the case when the Spartiate population was expanding in the archaic
era), there would still have been ample opportunities to not only earn a
living but make a fortune as well. The experience of other societies
shows that a manufacturing and trading middle-class can indeed prosper
even when politically disenfranchised (see, for example, Medieval
France). This, I believe, is the key to perioikoi loyalty and the
essential character of the Spartiate-Perioikoi contract. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">While
Spartiates reserved political power to themselves and evolved a culture
that disdained the public display of wealth; the perioikoi traded
political enfranchisement for the dual benefits of economic freedom and
security. Behind the shields of Sparta’s incomparable army, the
perioikoi were free to enrich themselves for generations. Only after
Sparta fell into decline and her citizen ranks grew too thin to
guarantee the protection of Lacedaemon did the Spartiate-Perioikoi
contract begin to unravel. The decline of Spartiate population forced an
increasing dependence on perioikoi troops, which put perioikoi at ever
greater risk. As long as Sparta was winning wars, that might have been
acceptable, but once Sparta was defeated at Leuktra a perpetual
disenfranchisement of the periokoi became untenable. Throughout the
archaic period, however, the division of labor between Spartiate and
perioikoi appears to have worked admirably.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">Per<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">ioikoi play an important role in both <i>A Peerless Pe<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">er </span></i><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">and <i>A Heroic King:</i></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Leonidas-Sparta-Peerless-Helena-Schrader/dp/1604946024/" target="_blank"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><i> BUY NOW!</i></span></span></span></a><br />
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<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><i> </i></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><i> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Leonidas-Sparta-Helena-P-Schrader/dp/1604948302/" target="_blank"> BUY NO<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">W<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">!</span></span> </a></i></span></span> </span></div>
Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-32827310439812499052024-03-06T10:39:00.000+01:002024-03-06T10:39:34.115+01:00Sparta's Secret Weapon: Women<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="color: #990000; font-family: League Spartan;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Sparta's
power is usually attributed to the incomparable Spartan army -- and
sometimes the factors that contributed to the creation of that army:
Sparta's education system, it's unique constitution, it's laws,
discipline and ethos. </span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="color: #990000; font-family: League Spartan;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">The importance of Spartan women is almost wholly</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="color: #990000; font-family: League Spartan;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> overlooked, yet it was arguably critical.</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="color: #990000; font-family: League Spartan;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJIK_R5DX2GPhLgCTTfFE_VV5VGshlFqUoOz3aNifxgYUGEAs-6nXKuRhPWqsbcs7SIu4do8Oqs0RD-hAYbBekvoYD6BDCl9u61PRKqJev0BpleJKiyQPg38t6RzfUwjxaWr3HjJ0aXNc/s200/Kore.jpg" width="82" /></div>
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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
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<![endif]--><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">No, Spartan women did not fight in the army. They did not don armor or drive war chariots or fight with bow and arrow. They were not amazons. What they did is run the Spartan economy, freeing their men to concentrate on defense. Lets look at that more closely.<br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">The importance of women to any economy has been increasingly
recognized and acknowledged over the last quarter century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Raising female literacy has become an
important goal of international aid organizations, because no factor is more
important in decreasing both infant mortality and birthrates than female literacy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indeed, various studies demonstrate a strong
inverse relationship between levels of female education and poverty. Female
literacy is often used as measure of development when comparing nations and
regions. More recently, development and aid programs have shifted their focus
from grants to governments and male dominated organizations to micro-credits to
women.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">When applied to Ancient Greece, of course, the modern
approach appears fatally flawed. No one can seriously argue that
Athens was “under-developed” or that it was poor – or can they? After all, based on factors such as literacy, infant
mortality, and longevity not to mention per capita income and income
distribution, Athens would certainly be rated an undeveloped or “less developed”
country today!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">Yet by ancient measures of
wealth, Athens was comparatively well off – even if, as Thucydides argued, the
monuments it built with tribute money sent from its subject cities created the
impression of a city twice as rich and powerful as it “really” was.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On this point, however, I take issue with
Thucydides: any city that can force other cities to pay for a monumental
building program in a distant metropolis deserves to be seen as a great power.
(EU take note! The Greeks ares still doing it!) Thucydides was, however, trying to make another point: that monuments alone do
not constitute power – a point he underlined by saying later generations would
underestimate Spartan power if they judged it on the basis of its monuments.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">It is when we look at Spartan power that we need to
reconsider the importance of women.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">Sparta, like Athens, was a recognized power in
the ancient world. From at least the 6</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><sup>th</sup><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> century to the early 4</span><sup>th</sup><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">
century BC, it was one of Greece’s “leading” states. It had a large alliance
system and eventually broke the back of Athens’ empire, to briefly dominate the
Greek world. Based on the amount territory controlled, Lacedaemon had a strong
economic base from which to develop its power. It had sufficient rainfall,
fertile river valleys, and several natural harbors. It had natural resources,
though neither gold nor silver, and it had timber for building ships, marble
for monuments, and a benign climate. In short, it had all the objective
criteria necessary for becoming a powerful state – except manpower.</span><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">That is to say, if we consider only the Spartiates, then
Lacedaemon reached its pinnacle of projected power (not necessarily its greatest
moment!) at a period of time when the Spartiate population was tiny – less than
two thousand men. And if we accept the prevailing view that the Spartiates were
unpopular oppressors of their own population and their allies, much less their
enemies, then this is an even more remarkable achievement. How could 2,000 men
– regardless of how well drilled and physically fit – control a hostile
domestic population more than ten times as strong, and all the allies in the
Peloponnesian League – and then defeat a great empire like Athens?</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">Obviously, one answer is that Sparta’s subject classes,
perioikoi and helot, and Sparta’s allies were not as hostile to Spartan
leadership as is popularly assumed.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">Another answer is that Spartan
women played a significant role in the Spartan economy, effectively doubling
the size of the ruling class. Both, I believe, are true, but today I want to
focus on the role of Spartan women.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">The ideal Athenian woman “knew as little as possible” and
was neither seen nor heard. Her job was to go a virgin bride of 12 or 13 to the
house of a citizen and then (despite being still a child) produce as many
children as her husband wanted (but let him kill as many of her children as he
wanted) until she died. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">Oh, and she was
allowed to rule over the slaves and her husband’s concubines as long as she
didn’t set foot outside the house, show her face even in the doorway, and never
expressed an opinion on anything. Xenophon, a liberal strongly influenced by
contact with Sparta, thought it was advantageous for women to learn to read and
calculate a little so they could manage their husband’s household better, but
the more common opinion was expressed by Meander that teaching women to read
was like giving more poison to a horrible snake. As Aristotle makes clear, many
leading Athenian men would have been much happier, if there had been no need
for women at all. Women being the source of all evil, only a society without
any women at all could be a real utopia.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">Real Athenian society and real Athenian woman obviously did
not live up to this ideal. Poorer women had to work just to survive and to help
their husbands in their shops and workshops. Not all Athenian women had the
“privilege” of being locked up in the dark, stuffy, cramped rooms at the back
of an Athenian house for their entire life. Women did step outside their house
– at least for weddings, funerals and religious festivals. They probably even
opened their mouths and said things, though that is hard to prove. But
whichever way one looks at it, Athenian women made no contribution to Athenian
economic, intellectual or military power.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">In Sparta, in contrast, women were from birth </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">onward</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"> better
treated than their sisters in Athens. They were fed the same food as their
brothers, attended the public school, and engaged in sport so that they grew up
strong and healthy. Most important, they were not forced into marriage when
still immature, and so not subjected to the trauma of childbirth until they
were 18 or older, something modern medicine considers vital to female health.
In consequence, Spartan women would have been healthier </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><i>throughout</i><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> their lives and </span><i>lived
longer</i><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> than Athenian women. This would have had the important and often
overlooked consequence that there must have been many more grandmothers in
Sparta than in Athens</span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">. </span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">This is more than anecdotally significant. </span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Recent studies suggest that older, infertile
females play a significant role in the survival of young in very primitive
societies. We should not dismiss the notion that in Ancient Greece too they
could have played a significant role in child-rearing and household management
– if they were there.</span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">In fact, however,
as there probably weren’t many grandmothers in most other Greek cities because
girls married and died very young.</span><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">Equally important is the fact that Spartan women were
educated in the public agoge. We have no historical record of what they learned
there and if you assume even Spartan males received little training in
literacy, than neither did the girls. But the notion that Spartiates were
largely illiterat</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">e </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">or only marginally literate has been effectively debunked by various
scholars (see particularly Ellen Millender, “Spartan Literacy Revisited, </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><i>Classical Antiquity</i><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">, Vol. 20 ) and it is
more reasonable to assume that the girls, like their brothers, left the agoge
with functional literacy and numeracy. This is where modern evidence from the
developing world suggests that such women were much more competent in the
economy than women who lacked literacy and numeracy. </span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">In short, Spartan women were in a position to
actually conduct economic transactions for their husbands.</span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Allegedly, Spartiate women dominated the
agora (where bachelors were not supposed to be seen at all) and this again
reinforces the image of women who were cable of conducting business. </span><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">Could such economically savvy women have contributed to
Sparta’s ability to project its power? Could, for example, Sparta afford to
send harmosts, generals and admirals overseas because they had competent
administrators in their women? </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">Did
female management of the Spartiate kleros and other estates ensure that
Spartiates had the economic resources necessary to remain professional soldiers
and provide administrators for an imperial power? Did Spartiate women not only
manage kleros, but administer tax collection, customs and other economic
functions inside Lacedaemon? Probably not, or Aristotle would have mentioned
it. Nevertheless, in light of modern experience, we need to reassess the role
of Sparta’s better educated, healthier and longer-living women and ask whether
they didn’t contribute much more to Sparta’s power and status than just the
soldiers they </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">brought into the world in </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;">childbed. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: League Spartan;"><i><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Spartan women -- mothers, wives and daughters -- <span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">are vital characters in </span></span>my Leonidas' Trilogy:</i></span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><i><br /></i></span>
<br />
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Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-40861724303379131592024-02-28T10:25:00.000+01:002024-02-28T10:25:37.755+01:00Sparta's Navy<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;"> The Peloponnesian War is often seen as a conflict between a
great sea-power (Athens) and a great land-power (Sparta), and many history
books make disparaging remarks about Sparta’s “inability” to grasp the importance of
sea-power. Yet, Sparta ultimately defeated Athens <i>at sea. </i>Clearly, Sparta’s
pride was her army, not her navy, and clearly the Athenians were the “lords of
the sea” throughout the Classical period, but the
clichés about Sparta’s lack of maritime power are overdrawn. </span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">
</span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiiNuGqRwIy-2wOVHiGFrU_cybocO_q2MQEIiUKy-zNOlt8uiaFiu0SXUQwHs_YrwhYjn8PM_WGZ4ctXU-eTS5f0LU6s8DDmyfv0FpnAnjVycMj4TbcGgn26RjvFlwtANUYbnxdtjT4bB2FOIpfST3PtVd8J80AlvL1-91Vy8HVxT6PPra3kZgmi2OPx4/s1626/Trireme1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1425" data-original-width="1626" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiiNuGqRwIy-2wOVHiGFrU_cybocO_q2MQEIiUKy-zNOlt8uiaFiu0SXUQwHs_YrwhYjn8PM_WGZ4ctXU-eTS5f0LU6s8DDmyfv0FpnAnjVycMj4TbcGgn26RjvFlwtANUYbnxdtjT4bB2FOIpfST3PtVd8J80AlvL1-91Vy8HVxT6PPra3kZgmi2OPx4/s320/Trireme1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;">Above </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;">"Olympia," </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;">a replica of a classical Greek trireme built and manned by the Hellenic Navy </span><br /></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">
</span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Sparta, unlike Athens, was not dependent on the sea for its
very existence. Because it was self-sustaining in food and other necessities
from ore to wood, Sparta did not need to trade<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">. <span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">B</span></span>ecause <span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Sparta</span> was not dependent
on trade, it did not need to control the trade routes. It <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">did</i> need to control its bread-basket Messenia, but that could be
done with its army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, far from being
negligent or backward (as some commentators suggest), the fact that Sparta
could deploy a fleet <i>at all</i> is rather surprising.</span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">In fact, based on Herodotus, it is arguable that Sparta had
a credible fleet before Athens did.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sparta’s
first attempt to depose Hippias entailed, we are told, sending an army by sea (5:63)
It hardly seems likely that Sparta would have sent their own modest fleet, if
they had been facing a major sea-power at the time. True enough, the force
dispatched was defeated on land by Thessalian cavalry, but it managed to
successfully land troops in Attica, something that seems astonishing if the
Athenians had truly had command of the sea at the time. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">
</span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">When Aristagoras convinced the Athenians to aid his
rebellion against Persia, we are told the Athenians sent 20 triremes. That is
respectable, but not overwhelming considering islands like Chias and Naxos
could deploy fleets 100 strong. Obviously, Athens might have consciously chosen
not to send too many ships, yet it seems odd they would risk the wrath of
Persia with only a token force. Twenty triremes probably represented a sizable
portion of their available fleet.</span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">More to the point, Themistocles is credited with having
convinced the Athenians to build a navy. He would hardly have earned the
reputation as “father” of the Athenian navy if Athens already had a substantial
fleet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the Athenian navy was indeed
built up from a modest, auxiliary component of Athens’ military forces to her
pride and primary arm in the ten years between 490 and 480 BC, then it is less
surprising than usually assumed that a Spartan, Eurybiades, was <span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">elected to </span>command of the combined Greek fleets opposing Persia in 480.</span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">At the time of Eurybiades’ appointment, Athens new fleet and
most of her crews were completely untested. Sparta’s fleet may have been
smaller and not notably successful, but apparently the allies felt it was more
experienced than Athens.’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, it is
less odd that Sparta was given precedence over Athens than that Sparta was
given precedence over Corinth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Corinth
had a substantially larger fighting fleet and is credited by naval
historians with having evolved the trireme – not Athens.</span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Once Athens had won the battle of Salamis, however, Athens’
domination of the seas began.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The navy
was an instrument well suited to Athens radical democracy because it gave
poorer citizens a means of contributing directly to Athens military power.
Radical democracy in turn gave Athens the manpower to man her fleet. Middle
class Athenians could remain hoplites and the sons of the wealthy could form
the cavalry, while the great magnates financed the construction and commanded
the fleet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it was Athens' citizen
crews that made her fleet so good. No trireme manned by slaves or mercenaries
could be depended upon to row so fast or fight so hard.</span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">And Sparta’s fleet? We know that Spartiates were appointed
to command the fleet as navarchos. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beyond
that, to my knowledge the names of no Spartans who served at sea have been
recorded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">On the contrary,</span>
Spartiates were required to serve in the army and did not man the fleet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This means that the Spartan fleet must have
been manned by either perioikoi or helots or both</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"> </span></div><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Helot crews would, of course, have been similar to slave
crews – highly problematic as disloyalty or even mere disinterest could cost a
battle. Does this explain the lackluster performance of the Spartan navy
throughout most of the Peloponnesian wars? </span></div>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">
</span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Yet, helots would hardly have been capable of paying for the
ships nor is it likely they would have been capable or entrusted with command aboard
them. This suggests perioikoi most likely financed and commanded Sparta’s
fleet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is yet another area in which
the role of the perioikoi has been seriously overlooked. The fascination of
ancient and modern observers with the unique live-style of the Spartiates
themselves, and the alleged oppression of helots has resulted in serious academic
neglect of an essential component of Lacedaemon’s success: the perioikoi.</span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><i>The <span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Spartan <span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">navy featur<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">es in </span></span></span>the latter two books in my Leonidas' Trilogy:</i></span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
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Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-66868984120464738732024-02-21T10:02:00.002+01:002024-02-21T10:32:56.438+01:00Spartan Diplomacy<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;"><b>Clausewitz claimed that war was diplomacy by other means. This may explain why Sparta, popularly known as a militaristic society, was in fact a city with a long history of effective diplomacy and high regard for the diplomatic profession. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: helvetica;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: helvetica;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxcUOCqdW9tF-us7nyTVgTQ7lzSsDvobZaxwYLiY3PXA1R5v82nPupBxsmoymisVxPaZT07l6AjuMZLeB-FJH_VmaFwEh2iegCXsQXGw2qeNM1xcBk19lyoR92XVPPnqE9kJuY3Vk_i7iyZA2w62_-b4YjZzu6q2UzWqN9X8dgR2kbyrmQWhIKV3pjEJA/s1885/Reclining%20Man.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1177" data-original-width="1885" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxcUOCqdW9tF-us7nyTVgTQ7lzSsDvobZaxwYLiY3PXA1R5v82nPupBxsmoymisVxPaZT07l6AjuMZLeB-FJH_VmaFwEh2iegCXsQXGw2qeNM1xcBk19lyoR92XVPPnqE9kJuY3Vk_i7iyZA2w62_-b4YjZzu6q2UzWqN9X8dgR2kbyrmQWhIKV3pjEJA/s320/Reclining%20Man.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Sparta founded the first non-aggression pact in recorded history when it stopped seeking to conquer it's neighbors but sought defensive alliances with them instead. A series of bilateral treaties evolved into the Peloponnesian League. While initially this organization was an instrument of Spartan hegemony, which required Sparta's allies to follow her lead, in or about 500 BC the allies successfully asserted their power and effectively converted the League into an alliance in which every member - including Sparta - had an equal vote. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Sparta also sent an envoy to the Persian court late in the 6th Century, long before the Persians had become interested in Greece. Allegedly, the Spartan envoy warned the Great King against enslaving Hellenes - which prompted the bewildered master of the Eastern world to ask who (in the hell) the Spartans were? </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">After the diplomatic breech of murdering the Persian ambassadors sent to obtain earth and water in 491, the Spartans were concerned enough about diplomatic niceties to send two men to Persia as sacrifices to atone for the murdered ambassadors.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Furthermore, Leonidas used diplomacy not force to form a coalition of Greek city-states who opposed the Persian invasion of 480 BC. <br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Sparta's diplomatic culture deserves much more attention and research. A comprehensive work on Spartan diplomacy would be a welcome addition to existing scholarly literature - or have I missed something? If anyone is aware of a good source on Spartan Diplomacy, please let me know.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;">My novel <i>The Olympic Charioteer</i> imagines what it might have been like in Sparta the defeat by Tegea in the mid-sixth century BC -- an event that led to the creation of the Peloponnesian League.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfPMC1mUiX9FuT5f7FsP1OJ-DT5FcD6bU4F92f8sZCaHGukD7j9ZEshUuDYt_ySvetD6SkWJWXKYYhOnOM45RiCOXBNE8vK7Q023L_EY-bBTJN-tYz-cRXb6QPSqL0JYaDOTNL1pLPhSW77j6moPO3ynsZIonXsK5atEWH5-D7ebh-LtHc0LO9OSz19jc/s499/Charioteer%20Cover.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="335" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfPMC1mUiX9FuT5f7FsP1OJ-DT5FcD6bU4F92f8sZCaHGukD7j9ZEshUuDYt_ySvetD6SkWJWXKYYhOnOM45RiCOXBNE8vK7Q023L_EY-bBTJN-tYz-cRXb6QPSqL0JYaDOTNL1pLPhSW77j6moPO3ynsZIonXsK5atEWH5-D7ebh-LtHc0LO9OSz19jc/s320/Charioteer%20Cover.jpg" width="215" /></a></div><br /> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;">Watch a video teaser of the book here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kQSCFepzeY</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;">Find out more about the book here: https://www.helenapschrader.com/charioteer.html</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"> <br /></span></div>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-10744160919027082932024-02-14T10:48:00.000+01:002024-02-14T10:48:47.126+01:00Public Administration - Sparta's Hidden Strength
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;">It is widely accepted that Spartan citizens were professional soldiers in as much as they trained for warfare from boyhood onwards. Furthermore, it is recorded in ancient sources that Spartiates were prohibited from learning and pursing other professions and so there were no potters or carpenters, shipwrights, smiths or other tradesmen among Sparta's citizens. These facts have led most people to conclude that Spartan citizens were only soldiers -- ignoring the fact that Spariates were demonstrably more than soldiers. They were also the administrators of a large, prosperous and exceptionally complex state.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKyxytR3c0LZN7fdD4rRPEZOWHS8yhlO_6vSg-O-HvAeL0hKMdkDIuc7VWySjRH0K52ExnilWK16YviXnVRPjU2a3oBimWARD4kOq05ZP5bhvN-sejLJtkG7v4DzNA8kUmT4ibQWM4RV3Aq_0cFyQT-5aj4bQlgM73Hr_zPtGYM_x_BXuZBfOueGZHOIw/s1938/Spartan%20King%20(Side).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1938" data-original-width="1284" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKyxytR3c0LZN7fdD4rRPEZOWHS8yhlO_6vSg-O-HvAeL0hKMdkDIuc7VWySjRH0K52ExnilWK16YviXnVRPjU2a3oBimWARD4kOq05ZP5bhvN-sejLJtkG7v4DzNA8kUmT4ibQWM4RV3Aq_0cFyQT-5aj4bQlgM73Hr_zPtGYM_x_BXuZBfOueGZHOIw/s320/Spartan%20King%20(Side).jpg" width="212" /></a></div><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">In the 5th Century BC, Lacedaemon stretched from the Ionian to the Aegean Sea and had an estimated population of 60,000 or more. It had at least three classes of inhabitants (helots, perioikoi and Spartiates). It had a public school – unlike any other city of its age. It had a great number of public festivals with complex rituals involving choral, dance and athletic competitions. It successfully competed in the pan-hellenic games. It pursued extensive diplomacy throughout the then known world. And all this <i>in addition </i>to pursuing a brutal war that dragged out over generations in the second half of the fifth and early fourth century. In short, Sparta was a highly sophisticated society, which could not have been managed by two bickering kings, 28 men in their dotage and five amateurs elected for a single year. Sparta’s centuries of pre-eminence in the ancient world – and its reputation for good governance and order – can only be explained by a well-functioning administration that kept Sparta’s institutions operating.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">This logical conclusion is supported by various sources which make oblique reference to ill-defined dignitaries that supported the known institutions of the Spartan state. For example, the Paidonomos and his assistants, priests, “magistrates,” and “heralds.” While there is no explicit evidence (except with respect to the Paidonomos) that these positions were filled by Spartiates, it is unlikely that the Spartans would have entrusted the education of their children, their relationship with the Gods, communication with the enemy or the enforcement of their laws to perioikoi, much less helots. In short, there were many tasks and responsibilities in addition to soldiering that had to be performed by full-citizens, probably after they went off active duty in the army at age 30. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Let’s start with the agoge. Although Xenophon and others speak only of “the” Paidagogos, as if one man alone controlled the entire agoge, such a notion is illogical. We know that effective education requires low ratios of instructors to pupils, and even taking into account an age cohort of eirenes providing a degree of internal discipline each year, it is not credible that there were no other agoge officials. It is far more likely, given the size and importance of the agoge to Spartan society, that there was a relatively large college of instructors, or at least Deputy and Assistant Paidagogoi, maybe the Mastigophoroi. Admittedly, these are usually portrayed as a bunch of whip-wielding thugs<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">, but it is <span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">more pro<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">ba<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">ble, given the co<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">mplexity of Spartan education<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">, that they were </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>responsible and respected educators. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Descriptions of Spartan life suggest a variety of other activities that would also have been performed by Spartan citizens if not “professionally” then, nevertheless, with the conscientiousness expected of full or part-time public servants. For example, Sparta was famous for its choruses and dance performances. Anyone who has engaged in either activity knows that large groups of people cannot be brought to perform harmoniously together without someone choreographing, directing, and conducting. Sparta undoubtedly had chorus masters, and it is seems highly unlikely that choral and dance masters would have been drawn from the ranks of the helots or perioikoi. Just as with the agoge instructors, it is far more probable that these were adult citizens. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">We also know that the Spartan kings kept records and maintained archives. Control of such delicate material as oracles from Delphi, communication between the kings and their permanent representatives, correspondence between the ephors and commanders in the field or ambassadors to foreign capitals would hardly have been entrusted to anyone but Spartiates. In all probability, therefore, there was at least one “archivist” for each royal house, and this position was probably filled by a Spartiate, who was either appointed or elected. He probably had deputies and assistants as well.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Then there is the issue of taxation. Taxation was particularly important in Sparta because citizenship itself depended on paying two kinds of tax: the agoge fees when immature, and the syssitia fees after attaining citizenship. Someone had to keep track of who paid how much, and they had to do that each and every month. Maybe each syssitia had a part time “treasurer” to keep track of fees, but the agoge was large and would have required at least one (and probably more) full-time “treasurers.” It is not credible that perioikoi would have been entrusted with control of records that revealed (and in part determined) the strength of the citizen body and so the army in future generations. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Furthermore, taxes also had to be collected from the helots and perioikoi. Spartiates who collected too much from their helots were subject to sanctions, so someone – and it had to be one of their peers – must have been keeping track of how much was due and how much collected. Even if not explicit, it is also fair to assume that the perioikoi were subject to taxation, just as metics in Athens. Again, an institutionalized means of assessing and collecting those taxes would have been necessary to ensure everything functioned properly, and -- at least until Sparta’s population decline became critical -- such an apparatus would have been headed by Spartiates. Given the size and expanse of Lacedaemon, my guess is there would have been many more than one citizen engaged in tax collection!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Once taxes were collected, they had to be put to work, so we come next to the business of financial management. Sparta would have needed some mechanism to allocate funding to various state expenditures. Money was needed for the army, of course, but also for the fleet, and for public works like roads and fountains and drainage systems and for public buildings from temples to theaters, and monuments to barracks. Managing such projects requires full-time public servants committed to ensuring that the intentions of the state (as expressed, one assumes, by the Assembly via the ephors) are fulfilled and that funds are not allocated incorrectly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">And finally there was the Spartan army. Friend and foe alike admired the Spartan army not only for its relatively good performance on the battlefield but also for its organization and professionalism. Yet as most soldiers will tell you, an army’s effectiveness is not simply a matter of fighting capacity. A good army is well fed, well equipped, and well-supplied. It has effective command-and-control mechanisms, efficient lines of communication, as well as adequate and flexible transport. A good army has a medical corps and, in centuries past, good veterinarians as well. In short, there is a great deal more to creating an effective fighting force than drill sergeants. Sparta’s army must have had not just good soldiers and officers, but good quartermasters as well.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">While all these various positions were “honorary” in the sense that they were without remuneration, they were nevertheless jobs requiring considerable time, energy, dedication and skill. Spartiates may not have earned a living from these jobs, since they all had their estates, but they probably viewed their performance in such jobs as honorable public service. Whether elected or appointed, ambitious Spartiates would undoubtedly have competed for these positions, and a man's performance in such public service would have contributed to his reputation and prestige. Men in these positions would in turn have been influential, becoming part of the complex network of “leading” citizens that helped shape Spartan policy behind the scenes. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">There is nothing sinister about this. It happens in every society – including our own.</span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
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<br /><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-50131511257119021682024-02-07T11:30:00.002+01:002024-02-07T11:30:00.126+01:00Sparta's Ephors: Citizens not Monsters<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan; text-align: justify;">In the Hollywood film "300" the Ephors are depicted as monsters strangely determined to destroy Sparta. How five officials elected annually from among the citizen</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan; text-align: justify;">s by the Assembly</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan; text-align: justify;"> to enforce Sparta's laws should have been so corrupted is only one of the many mysteries of Hollywood. What follows is a short history of this uniquely Spartan institution.</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;"></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><br /><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"></span></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsroiQEh5QLGEIVZ3rjqRK6_s17nlr4UTcuFYDPvrZF9dTCBTVE82T0apdxKPpE8k_VY9GG-7RH_nquWiGlaVjbz03mOt-Q_Whq3D-FyQr4dWMSIkNTXn9MUPc8wLpF1jIRJ27dgeyORs/s1600/Ephors+from+300.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsroiQEh5QLGEIVZ3rjqRK6_s17nlr4UTcuFYDPvrZF9dTCBTVE82T0apdxKPpE8k_VY9GG-7RH_nquWiGlaVjbz03mOt-Q_Whq3D-FyQr4dWMSIkNTXn9MUPc8wLpF1jIRJ27dgeyORs/s200/Ephors+from+300.jpeg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;">The Ephors as depicted in "300"</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">The ephors, despite later importance, were not mentioned in the so-called
Great Rhetra, which allegedly encapsulated Lycurgus’ constitutional
reforms, nor did they appear in any of the surviving fragments of Tyrtaeus’
poetry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indeed, it appears that
originally the ephors were little more than official servants of the kings,
charged with executing the kings’ orders. In consequence, the ephors make no
particular mark in history prior to the mid-sixth century.</span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">By <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">about 750 BC, however,</span> the institution <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">ap<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">pears to have </span></span>evolved somewhat farther. Each <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">year, five <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">citizens were elected by the Spartan Assembly to se<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">rve for one year<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"> and one year only. No one could be re-elected, so the composition of the <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">ephorate was constantly (annually!) changing</span>.<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"> It was not, therefore, a body <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">"controlled" by any particular<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"> faction or even class. </span></span>Yes, <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">Sparta<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">'s most famous statesman<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"> and ph<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">ilosopher<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">, <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">Chilon<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">, served as an ephor one year<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"> (and may have done much for the prestige of the institution), but we also <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">know that <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">so</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">me </span>very poor <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">and many obscure men <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">also held the office. </span>T<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">he<i> individual members</i> of the ephor<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">ate<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"> were not particularly pow<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">erful either before or after their <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">one year in office. </span></span></span><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">Furthermore, b</span>ecause the <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">ephors changed annually,<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"> <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">t</span></span></span>he ephors<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"> as a body did not have a <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">specific policy or even a consistent bias. A.<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">H.M. Jones in his succinct book on Sparta (A.H.M. Jo<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">nes, <i>Sparta</i>, Barnes and Noble, 1967) note<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">s: "<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">Roughly speaking the<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"> ephors represented the will of the majority. When feeling was stron<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">gly in o<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">ne direction there would be continuity of policy. Wh<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">en opinion was equally d<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">ivided, or fluctuated, the ephors reflected this instability. When a king like Agesilaus was carryin<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">g out a policy which all Spartans approved, the ephors gave him their full support. W<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">hen a king like Achidamus was fighting the tide of pu<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">blic opinion, he would often be over-ruled or frustrated by the ephors." (p. 30) Nevertheless, as a<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">n <i>institution</i>, the <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">ephors were very powerful.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">The
first recorded act of the ephors was when they forced a reluctant King Anaxandridas to take a second wife. This
interference in the personal life of a king was justified by their concern over
the future of the Agiad line and indirectly the Spartan Constitution. It was
initiated because, according to Herodotus, the ephors were tasked with observing
the heavens at regular intervals and interpreting the stars. In other
words, this first act of interference could be interpreted as more a religious
than a political role, in that the ephors were simply interpreting the Will of
the Gods, rather than acting in a constitutionally independent role.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">In
the centuries that followed, however, the ephors increasingly engaged in
activities that are unashamedly political. By the late fifth century, the
ephors could fine citizens -- even those elected to public office -- for
misdemeanors and bring charges against them for more serious crimes. The
ephors also controlled relations with the perioikoi and helots (at some
point initiating the practice of declaring war on the helots annually). The
ephors drafted bills for presentation to the Assembly and set the agenda at
Assembly meetings. They could summon the Assembly and presided at it. The
ephors decided (based on their estimate of the comparative volume of the shouted
“ayes” and “nays,”) whether a motion had passed or not. Last but not least, they enforced the decisions
taken at Assembly.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">The
ephors, furthermore, had diplomatic and military roles as well as political and
administrative ones. Not only did they receive and dispatch ambassadors, they
also named – and recalled – commanders such as Pausanias and Lysander.
They appointed the three hippagretai, who then each selected one hundred men
from the citizens on active service (aged 21 – 30) to form the royal
body guard. After the Assembly voted for war, it was the ephors, who
mobilized the troops.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Perhaps
most important, two ephors accompanied whichever king commanded the
Spartan army on campaign. Thus, although the kings commanded absolute
obedience while the Spartan army was outside of Lacedaemon, the ephors were
expected to keep an eye on them and exercise their right to bring charges
against the kings for any unconstitutional behavior on their return. The
mere presence of the ephors, therefore, acted as a curb on arbitrary and
unlawful actions by the kings. Last but not least, if a king was charged
with a capital offense, the ephors sat in judgment of him along with the
Gerousia.</span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">T<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">he e<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">phors a<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">s both representative<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">s from the <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">Assembly </span>and</span> executors of <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">it's will were fundamentally a democratic institution. The power of these annually elected ordinary citizens exercised is an testim<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">ent to the degree to which the Spartan monarch<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">y was a <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">constitutional monarch<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">y.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><i>The Ephors play a significant role in the latter two books in my Leonidas' Trilogy:</i></span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-45x2cWUCFZA/VtXFu_ixUOI/AAAAAAAAESQ/2WrnV8yVbFM/s1600/HEROIC%2BKING%2BFINALfront.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: League Spartan; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-45x2cWUCFZA/VtXFu_ixUOI/AAAAAAAAESQ/2WrnV8yVbFM/s200/HEROIC%2BKING%2BFINALfront.jpg" width="136" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOr14LVF7R3-HCPHFgG9GbLRdbZ81H9nUsPTBJlZ1MReWwngwsMiBXH2_8U92uhU7ULUYMGUqCjgDiIMNqCJOBkdHUC6H0oCAy2mQaZgkBD66lKLiIiBJP0EFwVUZezP4L8QLGwha3w-c/s1600/Peer+Cover+NEW.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: League Spartan; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOr14LVF7R3-HCPHFgG9GbLRdbZ81H9nUsPTBJlZ1MReWwngwsMiBXH2_8U92uhU7ULUYMGUqCjgDiIMNqCJOBkdHUC6H0oCAy2mQaZgkBD66lKLiIiBJP0EFwVUZezP4L8QLGwha3w-c/s200/Peer+Cover+NEW.jpg" width="131" /></a><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><i> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Leonidas-Sparta-Peerless-Helena-Schrader/dp/1604946024/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1456850176&sr=1-3&keywords=Leonidas+of+Sparta" target="_blank">Buy now! </a></i></span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Leonidas-Sparta-A-Heroic-King/dp/1604948302/ref=pd_bxgy_14_img_2?ie=UTF8&refRID=1RW4XJ2HJ4ZC4FMR9C6R" target="_blank"><i><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Buy now!</span></i></a></div>
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Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-48512887867303651402024-01-31T10:06:00.003+01:002024-01-31T17:31:38.054+01:00Sparta's Radical -- and Imperfect -- Land Reform<div style="text-align: center;"> <b style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #cc0000;">The Messenian War(s) forced Sparta to adopt a new, radical constitution that was quite unlike any in the contemporary world. That new constitution included elements like an Assembly of citizens that would soon be imitated elsewhere, but one feature never found imitators -- until more than a millennia later -- land reform.</span></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Today I look more closely at this radical feature of the Spartan Constitution.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"></span></div>
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<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgJshQgUvfWrmd-6OJCHW2zWzjD8VwUNIGDtxl8A9uKxYeBYD5GDfgiT0f4JXE_2P_IdO7a2D7MieKyMyWkerbykfqLLPl5LuocQBVPwsensuWk_H9C7rl5ki-W41SsxNK_pgyEzCibtUrsq8pA2MU376Jhu1h1ZDaOS3z6Awbv3pNG83T6lJBfZN4C3E/s3880/079.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3880" data-original-width="2580" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgJshQgUvfWrmd-6OJCHW2zWzjD8VwUNIGDtxl8A9uKxYeBYD5GDfgiT0f4JXE_2P_IdO7a2D7MieKyMyWkerbykfqLLPl5LuocQBVPwsensuWk_H9C7rl5ki-W41SsxNK_pgyEzCibtUrsq8pA2MU376Jhu1h1ZDaOS3z6Awbv3pNG83T6lJBfZN4C3E/s320/079.JPG" width="213" /></a></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Although this event is lost in the mists of undated ancient history, all ancient historians agree that at some time (probably in the late 8th or early 7th century BC, by our reckoning) Spartan society underwent a severe crisis. A rebellion or civil war so threatened the continued existence of the city-state that the citizens were prepared to accept radical new laws reputedly developed by Lycurgus. These laws included a redistribution of the land. The land was divided into equal plots of sufficient size to support a man and his family, and each citizen was given a plot, or estate – a kleros. Henceforth the Spartans called themselves equals, or Peers – because they were equal not only in rights but also in wealth.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">We do not know the exact size of these "kleros," but they were designed to ensure each citizen could produce enough food to contribute to his syssitia and also pay the agoge fees for his sons. We also know that from the inception of the reforms, Spartan citizens were not expected to till this land themselves. On the contrary, they had helots, agricultural workers of non-Doric descent, who tilled the land for them. Presumably, at the </span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">time of Lycurgus’ Great Reforms, there was one adult male helot on each kleros, who tilled the land for the benefit of himself and the Spartiate “master.” According to the law each party, the Spartiate master and the helot, received 50% of the harvest. Officially, neither the Spartiate nor the helot actually owned the land, which belonged to the state. Both were hereditary “tenants.” </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">It is also probable that not all land in Lacedaemon was divided up. The kings almost certainly retained large estates that were not carved up during the reforms. Furthermore, </span></span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Because citizens needed to be within walking or riding distance of their syssitia's and barracks, </span></span>the immediate vicinity of Sparta (that is, in the Eurotas valley) was most likely the land divided into equal portions, More distant parts of Lacedaemon (such as Kythera or on the coast of Laconia) probably remained in the hands of their former owners, while land conquered later, notably in Messenia, may have been divided on a basis other than strict equality.</span> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Another factor influencing the distribution of land over time would have been inheritance laws, particularly the right of women to inherit. </span>Furthermore, it is only possible to sustain equal distribution of a fixed amount of land if there is only one male heir to each plot of land. Human demographics do not, however, produce perfect replacement. Even in countries with primogeniture (such as medieval England), families die out in the male line on average every three generations. Without primogeniture, however, an excess of heirs rapidly reduces a family to penury. To avoid these consequences, societies evolve inheritance and marriage laws to regulate the distribution of wealth over generations. </span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">An excellent short discussion of Sparta's land reform is provided in Paul Cartledge's <i>Sparta and Laconia: A Regional History 1300 to 362 BC</i> (Routledge, London, 1979), and a more comprehensive treatment of the subject can be found in Stephen Hodkinson, <i>Property and Wealth in Classical Sparta </i>(Duckworth, London, 2000).</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br />Thus, inevitably, with time the equality of wealth created during the Lycurgan reforms was eroded. By the second half of the 5th century BC, wealth had become concentrated in the hands of fewer and fewer families. Spartan citizens were no longer equally wealthy. <br /><br />Yet even if Spartans were not in fact equally wealthy, the myth of equality remained powerful, and laws prohibited the hoarding of wealth, particularly the ownership of gold and silver coins (possibly all gold and silver). The ostentatious display of wealth was frowned upon socially. This set Sparta apart from the other Greek city-states, where the landed aristocracy, wealthy merchants, and manufacturers engaged in extravagant displays of wealth and competed for the honor of donating the most generous gifts to their respective cities. In short, Spartan dress, taste, and style were shaped by the ethos of equality, by the very definition of Spartan citizens as "equals" -- Peers. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Most important, while some Spartan citizens accumulated wealth and became richer than their fellows, and while the citizens of other cities could be reduced to beggary, all Spartans were guaranteed a minimum standard of living – something most modern observers would applaud rather than condemn.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">The need and impact of the land reform is a major theme in <a href="https://www.amazon.com/They-Singing-Sparta-Helena-Schrader/dp/0595386903/" target="_blank"><i>Are They Singing in Sparta?</i></a> (ebook: <i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Song-Sparta-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B081JZX1B1/" target="_blank">A Song for Sparta</a>) a novel set during the Messenian War:</i></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><br /></span></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cOZiw6NJTWM/WmHnXZrDgDI/AAAAAAAAItc/b30CaWo3PGYizzF-vAW3sqVyQDZDMiN7wCEwYBhgL/s1600/Singing%2BCover%2B2.jpg" style="font-family: League Spartan; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="261" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cOZiw6NJTWM/WmHnXZrDgDI/AAAAAAAAItc/b30CaWo3PGYizzF-vAW3sqVyQDZDMiN7wCEwYBhgL/s320/Singing%2BCover%2B2.jpg" width="214" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/They-Singing-Sparta-Helena-Schrader/dp/0595386903/" target="_blank">Buy Now!</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span> </span></span>
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Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-31626229813580283422024-01-24T11:52:00.001+01:002024-01-31T17:27:30.700+01:00The World's First Democracy<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="color: firebrick; font-family: League Spartan;">The
Spartan constitution, commonly dated to the early 7th century BC, is the
first known constitution that vested supreme power in the hands of an
Assembly composed of all citizens. Thus, Sparta was the first known
functioning democracy – <i>roughly 150 years before the introduction of
democracy in Athens.</i></span></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwNXA4SMtwHFbXm6AzvzhMA1i-jzQryJ17Le22aM2uMkg8A5DVrRNq9DVUKthYWp4uCU2LdQ0WP9Vmjh-b7o7I4rJiKhND7Lt_Oa-s9N6bpQqSZfkw5Q3mkAkqbon8dFezHQ82eQz0WTE/s1600/Two+Men.tif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="433" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwNXA4SMtwHFbXm6AzvzhMA1i-jzQryJ17Le22aM2uMkg8A5DVrRNq9DVUKthYWp4uCU2LdQ0WP9Vmjh-b7o7I4rJiKhND7Lt_Oa-s9N6bpQqSZfkw5Q3mkAkqbon8dFezHQ82eQz0WTE/s320/Two+Men.tif" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: League Spartan;">As is typical of early, innovative
institutions, later modifications introduced in other cities made the
Spartan democracy appear conservative as time went by. Sparta, for
example, never entirely freed itself of its kings. Two jointly ruling
hereditary monarchs from different families held restricted and mostly
ceremonial functions throughout Sparta's history as an independent state
– very much as the English monarchy functions today.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Another
notoriously conservative aspect of the Spartan constitution was the
Council of Elders, or Gerousia. Although this body was elected, as were
similar institutions in other cities, the Elders had to be over 60
years of age and were elected for life. In consequence, they were not
subject to the most effective of democratic censures: the need to be
re-elected.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Nevertheless, Sparta's constitution explicitly gave
precedence to the Assembly. The Assembly, which is believed to have met
on a monthly basis, was composed of all adult male citizens. Although
it could vote only on the bills presented by the Council, the common
misconception that the Assembly could only vote 'yes' or 'no' is belied by
accounts of lively (not to say rowdy) debates. (Note, too, that modern
legislatures also vote on bills presented and do not evolve legislation
spontaneously during debate. Modern legislators also ultimately vote either 'yes' or 'no' on the bills introduced.) Certainly, the Spartan Assembly was
powerful enough to exile kings. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Yet, the Spartan Assembly
never attained the absolute tyranny of the Athenian Assembly – a point
praised widely by ancient writers, who saw in Sparta's more balanced
(bicameral) democracy a means of controlling the fickleness of the mob.
Most people today, used to representational democracy, would feel more
comfortable in Sparta's democracy than in that of Athens, where many
officials were chosen by lottery and the votes of illiterate and
impoverished citizens were easily manipulated and purchased by
demagogues.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Oddly, the Spartan Assembly is often disparaged today as a body
of dumb, illiterate automatons. It is dismissed as a rubber stamp for the decisions of
the Kings, Gerousia and ephors. This
view of the Spartan Assembly is based on constitutional provisions that appear
to have restricted debate, the
absence of secret ballots, and the assumption that Sparta’s notoriously
obedient soldiers would “take orders” in the Assembly just as they did on the
battlefield. </span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">However, the Assembly enjoyed very real powers, officially more than the kings. The Assembly elected the ephors every year and members of the Gerousia, whenever vacancies occurred in the latter due to death. Hence men with political ambitions had to lobby and ensure a majority of votes against rivals. Also, according to most interpretations of the Great Rhetra, the Assembly had “the final say” on legislation. The Assembly forced more than one king into exile (e.g. Cleomenes I, Leotychidas, Pleistoanax) and could condemn commanders who exceeded instructions such as Pausanius and Phoebidas. Thus, despite the inability to introduce legislation and the public nature of the vote, the Spartan Assembly did exercise real power.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Most important, however, the Spartan Assembly was made up of her soldiers and her soldiers knew that they represented the might and power of Sparta. A body in which a large minority was composed of virile young men, in peak physical condition, who have been raised to think of themselves as the elite is unlikely to have been docile. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Furthermore, we have clear evidence that these men did <i><b>not </b></i>obey anyone blindly — not even on the battlefield. An excellent example of this is the famous case of Amompharetus refusing to obey Pausanias’ orders on the eve of the Battle of Plataea. This case highlights the fact that commanders in the Spartan army did not <b>command</b> obedience: Amompharetus was not, after all, summarily executed or even relieved of his command. Instead, Pausanias tried to reason with him and finally ordered <i>the rest</i> of the army to move out. Last but not least, Sparta had sufficient confidence in the judgment of its individual commanders to repeatedly send men of “ordinary” status out to act as advisers to foreign powers, such as Gylippus in Syracus.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">The Spartan Assembly was made up of the same men who were to be officers and admirals, magistrates, governors, ambassadors and military advisors around the world. Thus while some citizens may have been indifferent to politics and willing to do what others advised, in every generation there would have been ambitious young men willing to challenge existing authority. These ambitious men had a voice (and probably a following) in the Assembly. Certainly, we know that the Assembly as a whole could be quite rowdy. It was “the Spartans” - not the ephors or Gerousia - who notoriously threw the Persian emissaries of Darius down a well!</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">What the above suggests is that Spartan citizens were anything but mindless automatons manipulated by their officers and political leaders. They were self-confident citizens with a highly developed sense of their own power and confidence in their own capabilities and judgment. Sparta’s citizens were not docile or mindless pawns, but thinking and responsible citizens with a say in the policies of their city-state.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">The differences between Athenian and Spartan democracy were many, and both were imperfect from the modern standpoint, but the Spartan citizen’s status within his polity should not be denigrated. Sparta was very much a democracy in any sense of the word.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;">
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Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-24939250491502932912024-01-17T10:19:00.013+01:002024-01-31T17:32:37.177+01:00The Making of Sparta - the Messenian War(s)<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;"><b>Arguably, nothing was more important to the evolution of Sparta into a city-state with a radically unique constitution than the Spartan conquest of Messenia. W.G. Forrest argues, for example, that the conquest of its agriculturally rich neighbor reduced the need for distant colonies and so the interest in the wider world, while the agricultural basis of Spartan wealth reduced Sparta’s interest in industry and trade. Others argue that the conquest of such a vast territory and the subjugation of an entire people resulted in permanent fear of revolt that in turn created the need for a militaristic state. Sparta as we know it – with its unique institutions from the agoge to citizens permanently under arms – is a function of its conflict with Messenia.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;"><b> </b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-nwE75jLtMm7SLyVXYu-eEXG2t3aEwfGRSMMY0sfypTrBoPeN9q8AZLlAIlUtbwTtIwWhg9MGOhGXkpxF-EzBpvBvZYqTanq8wKIzuIoOQ2mxoYeLcaNiQQXuEYhCLHikKLPOaI1LPZV48DQXLPx2JdXR7DoOw6x3ipjm5_Pw6JD0GA4XMLOD4s4AFYM/s3888/Lacadaemon2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="3888" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-nwE75jLtMm7SLyVXYu-eEXG2t3aEwfGRSMMY0sfypTrBoPeN9q8AZLlAIlUtbwTtIwWhg9MGOhGXkpxF-EzBpvBvZYqTanq8wKIzuIoOQ2mxoYeLcaNiQQXuEYhCLHikKLPOaI1LPZV48DQXLPx2JdXR7DoOw6x3ipjm5_Pw6JD0GA4XMLOD4s4AFYM/s320/Lacadaemon2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>The pass between Lacadaemon and Messenia through the Taygetos Mountains.<br /> </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Modern
histories of Sparta tend to brush over the Messenian War(s) in
considerable haste and without providing a great deal of detail. The
reason is obvious. As <i>Paul Cartledge stresses in Sparta and Lakonia: A Regional History 1300 to 362 BC</i> (one of the few general histories of</span> <span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Sparta
to focus seriously on the early history), the literary evidence is
almost nil and the archeological evidence ambiguous. Indeed, he
describes Tyrtaios, a poet whose works have been handed down to us only
in fragments, as the “only” reliable literary source, while pointing out
that the ancient sources Herodotus and Thucydides refer to only one
war. </span></span></div><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"> </span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">The facts of conquest which are undisputed are quickly summarized: Sparta controlled Messenia completely by the start of the 6th century BC. Sometime in the 7th Century, during the life of the poet Tyrtaios, Sparta was engaged in a bitter struggle with the Messenians, a struggle that Tyrtaios clearly describes as one involving pitched battles between hoplites (though not phalanxes). Tyrtaios furthermore refers in his poems to the great deeds of “our father’s fathers,” which is usually interpreted to mean that the initial conquest of Messenia occurred two generations earlier. Tyrtaios also speaks of a struggle that lasts 20 years. Both the references, however, may be purely poetical; the first may mean little more than “our forefathers,” and the latter be a literary device to stress that it was “a long struggle” by making the fight in Messenia exactly twice as long as the conquest of Troy. Archeologically, we can trace a gradual expansion of Laconian influence into Messenia starting in the late 8th Century.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">We also know that in the first quarter of the 7th century BC, Sparta adopted a new constitution attributed to Lycurgus. (There has been scholarly debate about the exact dating of the Spartan constitution, but W.G. Forrest’s arguments dating the Spartan revolution to the period between 700 and 670 are cogent and convincing. See <i>A History of Sparta, 950-192 BC</i>, pp. 55-58.) Furthermore, we know that Sparta’s only colony was established at the turn or very end of the 8th Century BC, traditionally in 706 BC. Both the introduction of a radical, new constitution sanctioned explicitly by Delphi and the establishment of a colony are attributed by ancient sources to internal unrest in Sparta.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Conventionally, these facts are woven together as follows: Sparta invaded and conquered Messenia in the late 8th Century, subjugating the local Messenian population. This conquest was allegedly followed by a period of intense internal unrest that led, first, to the founding of Sparta’s only colony, and second to the Lycurgan reforms. The later, however, are usually dated to the lifetime of Tyrataios and therefore, implemented during a second period of conflict with Messenia, usually described as “the Second” Messenian war. If one presumes that Sparta won the initial conflict with Messenia, this can only be explained by a revolt of some kind. So the allegedly brutally oppressed Messenians were -- within just two generations -- capable of financing hoards of hoplites and fielding entire hoplite armies. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">This taxes my imagination. Periods of intense domestic unrest rarely follow victorious wars – particularly not wars of conquest that have greatly increased the wealth of a state. Likewise, slave revolts do not involve pitched battles between hoplite armies and don’t take two decades to defeat. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">The history of modern revolutions shows that revolutions most commonly occur during economic crises or after military defeats. Classical revolution theory says that revolutions occur when a period of rising living standards and expectations ends abruptly in a crisis that threatens recent gains. If we apply this to the Spartan revolution we get some interesting hypotheses – that square remarkably well with the (scanty) historical record. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">What if, following a period of growing prosperity, productivity and population, Sparta’s kings/leadership decided to conquer neighboring Messenia, invaded – and then got bogged down in a terrible war that they failed to win? What if, to obtain/retain support, Sparta’s kings and aristocratic elite promised the poorer and lower classes land in Messenia? What if they then couldn’t deliver on that promise? What if, as the war dragged on, casualties mounted, and popular support for a lost war waned? What if, the Messenians became increasingly successful and aggressive, bringing the war to Laconia?</span></div>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Such a situation would have produced all the features of mid-seventh century Sparta that we know existed: the domestic unrest, the calls for a redistribution of land, impetus for the founding of an external colony, and finally readiness to accept a new, revolutionary constitution and lifestyle – as well as the continuing conflict with organized, well-armed Messenian forces. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Furthermore, if Sparta <i><b>lost </b></i>the First Messenian War (at least in the sense that it did not obtain its objectives) and it took three generations to subdue the Messenians, then we have a better explanation of why Sparta became a militarized society. Only sustained conflict and perpetual threat could force a society to adapt a system of government that is so singularly focused on ensuring military preparedness at all times.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">The paranoid excesses of late classical Sparta (e.g. the krypteia) followed the Helot Revolt of 465, but they probably took the disproportionate form the did because there was still popular memory of the first lost war. A first lost war that traumatized Sparta would explain why Sparta responded with unparalleled harshness toward the rebellious Messenians two hundred years later. We need only consider how memories of past wars still shape, for example, British-Irish, or Russian-Polish relations today. I believe it was more likely the trauma of a lost war than an unbroken series of victories by an invincible army that made Sparta what it was.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"> <br /></span></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/They-Singing-Sparta-Helena-Schrader/dp/0595386903/" target="_blank"><i>Are They Singing in Sparta?</i></a> (ebook: <i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Song-Sparta-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B081JZX1B1/" target="_blank">A Song for Sparta</a>) is a novel set during the Messenian War:</i></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><br /></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/They-Singing-Sparta-Helena-Schrader/dp/0595386903/" target="_blank">Buy Now!</a></span></span></div>
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Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-75400309082600836292024-01-10T00:30:00.005+01:002024-01-31T17:26:47.997+01:00Sparta's Ancient Roots: Homer's Sparta<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;">Nowadays, when we speak of "Sparta" we are usually referring to the historical capital of the ancient city-state of Lacedaemon located in the Peloponnese from roughly 950 until 192 BC. This is a political entity with institutions and a physical presence, whose military, political, social, educational, diplomatic and artistic accomplishments have left a footprint in the historical and archaeological record. </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;">Yet there was another Sparta, an older Sparta, a legendary Sparta --</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;"> the Sparta of Kastor and Polydeuces </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;">and Helen...<br /></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5x26W4kFPfU/VI8LyQjqE5I/AAAAAAAACgc/7oW5RWTzOeo/s1600/Young%2BGreek%2BWoman.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5x26W4kFPfU/VI8LyQjqE5I/AAAAAAAACgc/7oW5RWTzOeo/s1600/Young%2BGreek%2BWoman.jpg" width="122" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Raphael Sealey in his study <i>Women
and Law in Classical Greece</i> (Chapel Hill: 1990) makes a strong case that
the marriage customs and status of women as portrayed in the works of Homer are
incompatible with customs in classical Athens. He argues that: “The Athenian
and Homeric concepts of marriage are so markedly different that one cannot have
developed from the other.” (p. 126) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Sealey furthermore argues that the depiction of Helen in both <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i> is not the evil, vain, greedy and sex-crazed Helen of the Athenian
theater but a dignified princess/queen and a wise woman. In the <i>Iliad</i>, Priam honors her, calling her
“dear child,” while Hektor, the paragon of Homeric virtue, shows her courtesy
and respect. Most important, Menelaos takes her back to be his Queen. In the <i>Odyssey, </i>Helen is depicted in Sparta apparently
enjoying the respect of the entire population and providing wise advice to her
husband. It is striking that such a
portrayal of Helen is consistent with Spartan tradition, where Helen was
honored alongside Menelaos, temples were built to her and an annual holiday was
celebrated in her honor. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">One particularly intriguing aspect of the Helen portrayed by Homer
in the <i>Odyssey</i> is that she, like
Gorgo, is shown to be cleverer than her men! She is the first to recognize
Telemachos (Odyssey 4:138:32), and it is Helen who deciphers the significance
of an eagle carrying a goose (<i>Odyssey</i>
15:160:78). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">This begs the question if Homeric traditions with respect to women
had a stronger influence on Sparta, particularly Archaic and pre-revolutionary
Sparta, than they did on Athens. Is it possible that Doric traditions generally
owed more to the world described in the works of Homer than did Ionian
traditions? Admittedly, we do not know
just what society the <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i> actually describe and many argue that
the world of Homer, like Homer himself, are completely fictional. Yet repeatedly, archeological evidence has
come to light that verifies elements of the great epics previously dismissed as
“fiction” (e.g. helmets with boars tusks). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: League Spartan;">We know that women in Sparta enjoyed exceptional freedom and
status compared, particularly, to women in Athens. While this difference is
traditionally attributed to the laws of Lycurgus, it is unreasonable to presume
that something as fundamental as attitudes toward women would change
abruptly. It is far more likely that
women in Sparta already enjoyed higher status and that the revolution in Sparta
that followed the First Messenian War only codified, institutionalized and developed
to new levels pre-existing tendencies. The fact that Cretan women, Achaian
women and women in Gortyn also had notably more freedom and status than women
in classical Athens is further evidence that there was a wider, pre-classical
tradition which contrasted sharply to the misogynous practices and laws of classical
Athens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan; text-align: justify;">It would be interesting to know if Doric traditions differed
markedly to Ionic traditions in other spheres as well – and equally intriguing
to investigate to what extent (if any) Ionic traditions were influenced by
Asiatic customs. Is it possible that Athenian misogyny had more to do with the
influence of the East – of Babylon and Persia – than with the roots of Greek
civilization? Was Sparta’s comparatively greater respect for women perhaps more
“Greek”? If so, was Sparta's entire society and ethos closer to its "Greek" roots than those of Athens? </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan; text-align: justify;"> </span></div><br /><div>
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</div>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-78903526780905355422024-01-03T11:30:00.017+01:002024-01-31T17:26:33.145+01:00Time to Reconsider Sparta?<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;"><b>Ancient Sparta is widely perceived today as a militaristic and insular society. Most people believe it lacked intellectual, cultural and artistic achievements. Images of brutal discipline, pederasty and illiterate, brutish citizens ruthlessly oppressing their subject peoples dominate modern depictions of Sparta. Yet modern scholarship does not support these popular images or interpretation of Sparta society. <br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;"><b> </b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: League Spartan;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOusOfnKAdJO_vmsvu-bee-pKZFzJCzETrZ3vZtJq1Za7a1zwXnXL6PwYyVeoiNN8d_U9NcLKUEye-_mka_4_uM_oCBnSQbP0-KitAe2Mw7sSji8NLN8P5O9LfFwm4vJ63UE0FTbWwpggW7QLpdNk8cAp5bC1Vtgv-nTpYSydh8RmYTGoAEEr1-d2nPuA/s255/Ares.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="198" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOusOfnKAdJO_vmsvu-bee-pKZFzJCzETrZ3vZtJq1Za7a1zwXnXL6PwYyVeoiNN8d_U9NcLKUEye-_mka_4_uM_oCBnSQbP0-KitAe2Mw7sSji8NLN8P5O9LfFwm4vJ63UE0FTbWwpggW7QLpdNk8cAp5bC1Vtgv-nTpYSydh8RmYTGoAEEr1-d2nPuA/s1600/Ares.jpg" width="198" /></a></div></b></span><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"></span></div><div><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;">Plutarch argued that "devotion to the intellect is more characteristic of Sparta than love of physical exercise," and the evidence is that literacy was higher in Sparta than any other Greek city - if only because all Spartan women as well as their brothers and husbands enjoyed public education that included literacy. Pausanisus recorded hundreds of monuments, temples and public buildings worth visiting in Lacedaemon. Spartan sculpture and Spartan bronze works were admired throughout the ancient world, and Spartan pottery was an export commodity throughout the 6th century BC. Spartan festivals attracted large numbers of tourists because of the high quality of the musical performances and the dancing provided by both men and women's choruses.<br /><br />In the archaic period, Sparta was also anything but insular. It was the city to which other Greek cities and even foreign powers turned for assistance. Its diplomats travelled to the courts of Persia and Egypt. Its goods were sold throughout the ancient world.<br /><br />Furthermore, in no other city-state did women enjoy so much freedom and status. Not only did girls get fed the same food as their brothers (in contrast to girls in other Greek cities who were denied the same diet), they were allowed to exercise and go to school, unlike the girls elsewhere. More significant still, they were not married as frightened children to strangers, but rather married after they were sexually mature to men only slightly older than themselves, and who they would have known all their lives. Most important of all, they had control of the family estate from which their husbands derived citizenship. Economic power has always conferred status, and while Athenian women could own no property and inherit no land, Spartan women could do both in addition to managing their husband's estates, thereby excercising effective control over Sparta's agriculture.<br /><br />The Spartan economy was also unique because it was the only economy in ancient Greece not dependent on chattel slaves. Instead of human chattels, the Spartan economy was in the hands of freemen called "perioikoi" and serfs called "helots." The perioikoi had their own cities, laws, customs and, except for being subordinate to Spartan foreign and military policy, lived without interference or restrictions on their freedom. Indeed, because Spartan law forbade its citizens from pursuing any profession except that of arms, the perioikoi had a monoply on all the lucrative manufacturing and trading sectors of the Lacedaemonan economy from the tin mines and quarries to timber, dye production, construction, bronze-working, pottery etc. They could accumulate fortunes and display their wealth without restriction. The helots, while less free than the perioikoi and Spartan citizens (Spartiates), were by no means as badly off as chattel slaves. They retained half of the production of the estates on which they worked. This they could dispose of as they wished, which enabled many helots to accumulate substantial wealth. More important, they could not be bought or sold, and they could marry and have families of their own. Chattel slaves were the sexual property of their owners, could not marry and their children were the property of their masters.<br /><br />In short, Spartan society was far more complex than modern literature or films suggest. My website "Sparta Reconsidered" (<a href="https://spartareconsidered.com">https://spartareconsidered.com</a>) provides a series of essays on different aspects of Spartan society. There is also a list of sources and recommended reading. <br /><br />This blog is intended to be a supplement to that website, providing an opportunity for interaction with others interested in ancient Sparta and particularly those willing to set aside conventional stereotypes and look deeper into what Sparta really was.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: League Spartan;"> </span></div><br />Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-91214467871783450182020-08-15T09:50:00.000+02:002020-08-15T09:50:32.749+02:00"Come and Take Them!" - An Excerpt from "A Heroic King"<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b>The Battle of Thermopylae took place at roughly this time of year 2,500 years ago. </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b>It ended in a complete rout of the Greek forces defending the pass and the slaughter of the rear-guard. Among the dead was a Spartan king, Leonidas, and his closest friends. Altogether 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians died so that their comrades could withdraw. </b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3H2ymf4to9g/XrVEfPlAYaI/AAAAAAAAM_k/88E1xJUUbC87Qu7tbjuIqRMtqSFWVjHCgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Lion%2Bof%2BLucern3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="160" data-original-width="213" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3H2ymf4to9g/XrVEfPlAYaI/AAAAAAAAM_k/88E1xJUUbC87Qu7tbjuIqRMtqSFWVjHCgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Lion%2Bof%2BLucern3.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b>The latter lived to fight and defeat the Persians at the Battle of Plataea roughly one year later. </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b>This excerpt from A Heroic King describes that moment when Leonidas gave notice to the Persians that he intended to fight to the last man.</b></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
As Alkander made his way back to Leonidas’ tent, he
recognized scores of other attendants moving about awkwardly and a little dazed
in their new, if tattered, finery. His own man was not among them. Alkander’s
man had a young wife and two small children. He had hesitated a seemly moment,
but Alkander’s sincerity in urging him to go home had overcome his scruples. It
gave Alkander a small sense of victory to know he had saved at least that young
life, and he had taken the opportunity to send a last message, scratched on a
shard of broken pottery, for Hilaira and his sons. That, too, was a comfort.
With the departure of his attendant and that message, he had taken leave of
home. All he had to face now was the short future that remained― starting with
Leonidas. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
He reached Leonidas as the latter emerged from his tent,
jamming his helmet onto his head. Alkander knew Leonidas was angry with him for
insisting on coming to Thermopylae and for insisting on staying. He knew he had
miscalculated. His heart ached for Hilaira. He was sorry he could not be the
surrogate father to Agiatis and Pleistarchos that Leonidas wanted him to be.
But he could not regret his decision. His place was here. He met his friend’s
eyes, bracing for the fury he expected to see in them, and was taken aback by a
look of sheer affection. Leonidas had forgiven him. Alkander felt his tension
dissolve in the morning air. They had no need for words. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
They walked together through the abandoned camp and mounted
the wall. Leonidas called the commanders to him: Demophilus and Leontiades, and
the Spartiates Diodoros, Dienekes, and Kalliteles. They formed a little circle,
and he searched their earnest faces. The shock of what had happened was wearing
off, and reality was sinking in. These men were starting to think about what
their death would mean, not just to them but to their families, their friends.
It was good that the Persians were mustering at last, because waiting could be
far more demoralizing than fighting. </div>
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<br /></div>
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“We need one phalanx inside the East Gate, facing east to
meet the Immortals whenever they arrive.” He paused and then looked at
Leontiades. “Would you and your Thebans assume that position?” Leontiades
nodded, glancing back toward the East Gate. It was quiet now. Empty. No bodies
rotted on that side of the wall. The earth had been torn up by thousands of men
passing to and fro, but not by fi ghting. It did not stink. At the moment, theirs
was the easier task. But the Immortals were Persia’s elite troops. When they
came, it would be a brutal fight―and an honorable death.</div>
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“Good. Then between us, Thespiae and Sparta, we have just short of a thousand
men. What I propose is to―” </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
A commotion behind him made Leonidas stop and look over.
Hobbling up the rear ramp, supporting one another, were seventeen wounded
Spartiates and Eurytus, his eyes bound, led by his helot. Aristodemos was
notably absent from the little group. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The sight of the walking wounded made Leonidas forget what
he was about to say. He scowled. “I ordered you to return to Sparta with the
perioikoi!” he growled. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
“No one―not even a Spartan king―has the right to order a
Spartiate to dishonor himself,” Pantesiadas replied calmly, leaning heavily on
Exarchus’ shoulder. “Have you forgotten the answer you gave to me when I was
serving in your syssitia as a boy?” Leonidas couldn’t remember the incident at
all, but Pantesiadas reminded him, quoting: “Life is a gift of nature, and a
natural death overtakes even the vilest creature. An honorable death, on the
other hand, is something only an honorable man can choose.Ӡ </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
There was no answer to that, and no time, either. A chariot
was rushing toward them. It was a magnificent one, pulled by two matching bays
groomed to gleam in the morning sun. The charioteer was dressed in tight-fitting
striped trousers and a striped long-sleeved tunic, over which he wore a quilted
corselet. The stitching of the corselet was gold, and the diamonds of the
quilting were alternately yellow and green. He wore a tall turban of matching
colored cloth embroidered with gold, which also covered his mouth―apparently
against the stink. Beside him was a man in a tall headdress, wearing armor over
bright purple and yellow cloth that was much baggier, looser, and finer. He wore
gold bracelets on his wrists, gold cuffs on his arms, and a belt encrusted with
coral. He had a long, curly beard and a staff of some sort. Unfortunately, with
both Sperchias and Bulis dead, Leonidas had no one with him who might have cast
more light on who he was or where he came from. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The charioteer pulled up and shouted: “King Leonidas of
Sparta!” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Having watched the chariot’s approach, Leonidas turned back
to his commanders and ordered, “Demophilus, deploy your Thespians to the left;
we’ll stand on the edge of the cliff to the sea. Kalliteles, your company to
the far right. Diodoros, your company next to the Thespians.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Leonidas of Sparta! Are you still there? Or has the Spartan
king run away?” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
“Follow me down onto the field,” Leonidas ordered his troops.
Then he turned and started down the central ramp onto the field before the
Middle Gate. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The field had, as usual, been cleared of the dead during the
night, by pushing the bodies of the enemy off the cliff into the sea and
burying the allied dead. The vultures and other scavengers had followed the
feast to the shoreline below. Nevertheless, Leonidas had to tread carefully
because broken pieces of equipment littered the earth. Broken spear and arrow
shafts, broken swords and body parts, and―most dangerously―arrowheads and
spearheads made the footing treacherous, although much improved since yesterday
morning. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
About a hundred paces ahead of the wall, Leonidas stopped
and waited with his hands on his hips. “I’m Leonidas of Sparta. What does your
master want now?” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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“You have been betrayed. You will soon be surrounded. You have
squandered any opportunity for an honorable place among the Great King’s
subjects. But the King of Kings is benevolent beyond measure. While your cause
is lost, your lives need not be. The Great King offers you your naked lives, if
you surrender your arms.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
“<b><i>Come and take them!</i></b>”‡ Leonidas flung back at him―loud enough
for the words to reverberate beyond the Pass and into history.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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†A saying to this effect is attributed to Leonidas in
Plutarch’s collection of “Sayings of Spartans.”</div>
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<br /></div>
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‡ This is probably Leonidas’ most famous line. It is
recorded in Plutarch, but it probably has a much older and wider tradition. Its
popularity is reflected in the modern monuments to Leonidas. In modern Sparti,
the monument to Leonidas does not consider it necessary to identify him by
name—only by this one phrase.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b></b></span></span><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QqM-qRiMJj8/XzeNu_-Bj0I/AAAAAAAANJo/XiEce7NAv2s5cI1BlmD8qb8NkVQ30IIpgCLcBGAsYHQ/s2010/Leonidas-Greek%2BCover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2010" data-original-width="1314" height="316" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QqM-qRiMJj8/XzeNu_-Bj0I/AAAAAAAANJo/XiEce7NAv2s5cI1BlmD8qb8NkVQ30IIpgCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Leonidas-Greek%2BCover.jpg" width="210" /></a></span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> Coming Soon!<br /></span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face="" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Leonidas-Sparta-Helena-P-Schrader/dp/1604948302/" target="_blank"><span></span><span></span>Buy Now!<br /></a></span></b></span></span></div>
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Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-12119511513593552602020-07-15T12:00:00.001+02:002020-07-15T12:47:46.227+02:00Leonidas the Soldier - An Excerpt from "A Peerless Peer"<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">At the start of the month I discussed Leonidas long career in the Spartan Army prior to Thermopylae. Leonidas was probably already a mid- to senior-ranking officer by the time his brother Cleomenes attacked Argos in 494 BC. </span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">In the below excerpt, the Battle of Sepeia is described from Leonidas' perspective. </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">The enemy was still apparently adjusting their lines—trying to strengthen the center, perhaps? Or perhaps some men were just losing their nerve. As on Kythera, some of the Argives started to shout insults. Leonidas could see their open mouths, red and black holes framed by bared teeth between the bronze of their cheek-pieces. Their eyes were lost in the dark holes cut in their helmets. Their noses were protected by the bronze hanging down between the eye sockets. The open mouths were the only part of their faces that was still human. Shouting like this, however, made them look bestial. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">Meanwhile, the Argive rear ranks were beating their spears against their shields, creating what they evidently thought was a threatening clamor. It reminded Leonidas of the chattering of giant teeth—and suggested that the rear ranks were not pressing in as closely as they should. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">“Ready spears,” Leonidas ordered. The first three ranks reversed the grip on their spears and raised them to shoulder height. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">The Argives could take no more. With a wild roar they started rushing the Spartan line, screaming inarticulately with rage and to give themselves courage. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">Although running robbed the Argives of their cohesion, a body of heavily armored men could still run over almost anything in their path. To stop from being bowled over, Leonidas ordered his own men to pick up their pace and lean into the attack. After that order, it was up to the front ranks. He dropped back to advance with the fifth rank, and it was from here that he heard the crash of shield on shield in an uneven, ragged crunching noise that staggered many men on both sides. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">The Spartans recovered first. They put their weight behind their shields, thrusting their left shoulders forward as they drew their spears back, and then started jabbing downward at the enemy’s second line. The length of the spears meant that men in the front rank aimed for the enemy’s second or third rank, while the men in the second and third ranks aimed for the men in the enemy’s first and second ranks. Three deep, the spearheads sought eyes and throats, while the Argives pushed back, grunting and thrusting their spears, likewise seeking Spartan flesh. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">The clash had ended all forward momentum, and the supporting ranks pressed up close behind the front ranks, the entire formation compressing. Here and there a man went down, and the man behind had to step into the gap, over the dead or wounded body of the man ahead. Elsewhere spears broke. When this happened in the Spartan ranks, the disarmed man defended himself with the splintered remnants until the man behind could hand forward his own spear. This man, in turn, received a spear from the man behind him, all the way to the back, where the man in the last rank could shout to the helots for a spare. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">The Argives did not seem to have a similar system. When their spears broke, they tossed them away and drew their swords. Argive swords were longer than Spartan swords, but this only encouraged false hopes of reaching the enemy. One after another Argive hoplite was killed trying to use his sword, and in so doing dropping his shield guard enough to allow Spartan hoplites to spike him fatally. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">The killing had been going on for almost a quarter-hour, and what had been dry earth with sparse, scratchy grass had slowly turned into a morass as blood, urine, and shit soaked into it from the dead, dying, and wounded. Leonidas looked over his shoulder for Kyranios without really expecting to find him. If he’d been here, he would have already given the order. So he nodded once to the piper and ordered the advance. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">At once the rear ranks lowered their heads, leaned forward, and pushed, their shields jammed into the backs of the men in front. They dug in their feet and started shoving forward as if they were pushing a wagon mired in the mud. The impetus from the back moved the front ranks forward without them having to exert a great deal of effort. Leonidas knew. He’d been there. The rear ranks carried them forward much as a wave lifts a ship onto a beach, while the front ranks concentrated on the grim business of hammering down the enemy with their spears. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">The Argives were giving ground at last. Not a lot. They were resisting hard. But their front rankers were shouting again—this time with alarm. Leonidas saw a man at the outside edge of the Argive formation glance back and start to shout something—probably an order for the rear ranks to close up—but a spear pierced his throat, cutting off his words. His head, heavy with the helmet, flopped back, and then the body crumpled. The Spartan who had killed him stepped forward over the body, and the men from the middle and rear ranks, one after another, stabbed downward with their spear butts until the corpse was left behind in their wake as they continued forward, a lifeless, bloody rag. <br /><br />They had advanced almost ten paces now, and Leonidas moved forward with the line, abreast of the middle ranks, the youngest five cohorts of active-service rankers. He looked left and right. Kyranios seemed to have disappeared into thin air. He noted, too, that the Pitanate Lochos was not recognizable as a body anymore, but the Limnate had clearly pinned down a large body of Argive troops before the woods. Then Leonidas realized that the Amyclaeon and Conouran regiments were also on the field, busy sealing off the flanks and back of the woods, where the bulk of the Argive army appeared to have fled. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">Leonidas turned back to the task at hand. The Mesoan Lochos was slowly gaining momentum. Leonidas sensed more than saw that the Argive rear ranks were starting to break and run. “Keep up the pressure!” he called out once, and the piper repeated the order, condensed to “Harder!” </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">Even without orders, the Spartan phalanx sensed the change in the Argive resolve. It was picking up the pace. Soon the Argive rear ranks had thinned so much that the front ranks had lost support. The Argive front ranks started to buckle and go down, not from wounds but from the sheer weight of the Spartan wall of flesh. They screamed not in pain but in terror, knowing what would follow. The Spartan front ranks did not bother with Argives who had fallen; they left these to the middle rankers. The latter jabbed and stabbed into groins, intestines, and bowels as they dispatched the men already knocked down by the front ranks. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">By now the Mesoan Lochos had advanced a hundred paces, leaving a carpet of bleeding, sometimes still writhing and whimpering, bodies behind them. For a split second Leonidas was horrified by the number of Spartans strewn behind—until he realized that the red that dominated the field came not from Spartan cloaks, but blood-soaked Argives. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">A moment later, the Argive line broke. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">“Hold!” Leonidas shouted instantly, halting the instinct to pursue before it could become more than a ripple in the line of bronze. He moved forward to the front rank, which stood absolutely still on his left. He could hear the rasping of hundreds of men gasping for breath. They were dripping sweat so profusely from their exposed limbs that it was a wonder he couldn’t hear it like the trickle of a stream. Here and there the line swayed slightly, probably from men with wounds in their legs or feet. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">He gave the order for the wounded to fall out and the rest to stand at ease. “Catch your breath!” he ordered verbally, not bothering about the pipes, now that the din of battle had paused in their immediate proximity. He prowled along each rank, making sure that his orders had been obeyed and that wounded men had relinquished their places to fit men. He ensured that the rear ranks adjusted for the losses forward so that the depth of the files was roughly equal again. Only then did he return to the front rank and order “ready.” The men dropped helmets and took up their shields and spears again. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"> </span>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-23955739461119183282020-06-15T12:00:00.000+02:002020-06-15T12:00:10.181+02:00"For Leonidas!" - An Excerpt from "A Heroic King"<br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">At the start of the month I reflected on Leonidas' reign -- and the possibility under Leonidas the helots had enjoyed a period of increasing prosperity and rising expectations. One of the ways in which helots may have been able to improve their status was by serving in Sparta's small but by no means insignificant fleet. Here's what it might have looked like. </span></b></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">When
word reached the Spartan fleet at its home base of Gytheon that King Leonidas
required a trireme in Corinth,
the duty vessel was launched at once. Although this was not the sailing season
and merchant vessels kept to the safety of their harbors (if they weren’t
pulled up on the beach for repairs and maintenance), triremes were built to
take any weather, and the trip along the coastline to Corinth entailed little danger. Because of a
heavy east-northeast wind, however, the trireme turned west and set all sail,
with the obvious intention of sailing westward around the Peloponnese. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Eurybiades
watched it until it was out of sight, and then called his crew together. His
crew now numbered two hundred men; for taking Sperchias and Bulis safely to Persia and back, Eurybiades had been rewarded
with command of Sparta’s
newest trireme, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Minotaur</i>. In
fact, he had been charged with overseeing the construction and with recruiting
the crew, at Leonidas’ personal orders and expense. Eurybiades had chosen to
use the shipyard at Skandia, and the keel had been laid down only six months
earlier. The launch had taken place barely a fortnight ago, and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Minotaur</i> had not yet completed her sea
trials. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">But
Eurybiades was an ambitious and impatient man. He had already hired the bulk of
his penteconter crew, and many of the other oarsmen were local men from
Kythera. He was willing to take a chance. With the wind whipping his long black
braids and trying to drag his himation right out of his hands, he put his
proposal to the crew collected in a curious group around him.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“King
Leonidas requires a trireme in Corinth.
The duty vessel has departed, heading west. It will take two days by that
route. If we can row through the Malean Straits, we can beat them by as much as
a day and be the first ship to respond to the king’s summons.” Eurybiades did
not need to say that rowing against the northeasterly gale would be exhausting;
even the least experienced among them knew that. He chose not to stress that it
would also be extremely dangerous. They would have a mountainous lee shore
licking its chops the whole voyage north, and they would also be crossing the Gulf of Argos,
the lair of Sparta’s
most tenacious foe. While it was not likely that Argive warships would be
prowling around at this time of year, they could not exclude the possibility. A
prudent man would not suggest this voyage, not with an untried ship and crew.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Eurybiades
was not prudent; he was driven by the desire to prove what he could do. It was
the kind of competitive instinct that drove other men to athletic feats or to
climb mountains or explore the unknown. But Eurybiades also knew that he could
achieve nothing with an unwilling or frightened crew. He knew that he had to
sweep them up in his own enthusiasm. With his old crew, that would have been no
problem. Even now, his helmsman of nearly a decade was asking rhetorically with
a deep growl, “Why are we wasting time? Let’s launch the bloody boat.” </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">But
Eurybiades wasn’t worried about the men from his penteconter, nor about the
perioikoi deck hands and marines. They would not bear the brunt of the
hardships. It was the 170 men who manned the oars who had to be willing to
fight a running gale. And more than half these men were helots. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Eurybiades
had initially concentrated his recruiting on Kythera, talking to the sons of
fishermen, men often too poor (after surrendering half their catch to their
masters) to support a family. But he had not found nearly enough men to man a
trireme, so the remaining oar-banks had been filled with country lads who
streamed down to Boiai, where he put in with a ship still smelling like a
lumberyard and nearly one hundred vacancies at the oars. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Eurybiades
focused on Hierox, his bosun or rowing master, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">keleustes</i>. Hierox was a burly man with a full black beard that
looked permanently salt-soaked. He too was a Kytheran, a perioikoi who had
kicked around on foreign ships for half a lifetime before attaching himself to
Eurybiades like a barnacle. They had been inseparable ever since, a team that
could make even a half-rotten penteconter a dangerous pirate with the help of
marines like Prokles. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">To
this man had fallen the main responsibility for sorting the wheat from the
chaff as the country bumpkins, still stinking of the barnyard and literally
unable to tell stem from stern, streamed in looking for a berth. To him had
fallen the even more difficult task of trying to make seamen of these farm
lads. Eurybiades knew that this man would sail into Hades itself with him―but
only if he thought the crew was up to it. Eurybiades found himself regretting
his own impulsiveness. He should have consulted Hierox first.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hierox
seemed to be thinking the proposition through carefully. He looked up, sniffed
the wind, and squinted at the breakers, which were rolling into the bay in
stately rows to dissolve with a roar and hiss on the long beach. Then at last he asked dubiously,
“What happens once we reach Corinth?”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Eurybiades
understood his concerns. Taking such a green crew on this voyage was only half
the danger. The other risk was that these eager farm lads, who had never before
set foot outside their villages, would find themselves overwhelmed by the
charms of a city like Corinth.
They might desert (or get kidnapped by unscrupulous foreign captains) and leave
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Minotaur</i> short-handed in a
foreign port. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“King
Leonidas will board almost straight away and we will take him to his next
destination, wherever that might be,” Eurybiades answered. He opened his mouth
to add that there would be no shore leave, but he didn’t get the words out.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">From
the crowd of men standing in the blustering wind, a young voice asked, “The
king himself will sail with us? King Leonidas?”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Yes,”
Eurybiades confirmed, “so there’ll be no―”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Then
let’s go!” the voice called eagerly.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">To
Eurybiades’ and Hierox’s surprise, this suggestion was met with a cheer and the
shout, “For Leonidas!”</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Leonidas-Sparta-Helena-P-Schrader/dp/1604948302/" target="_blank">Buy Now!</a></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHtKq3-6M9fIIWov-ouX18HHmOwEd92PHR92dPT0FIpkp4PT0DdSy3r1fPu4SHRqRMZuSNRw41RiwMTvSqPjTyRZbETfZPcFT6nPiCW3xq96Rtg44cJHdfJ0_6Aca6aQ5JSu6lHcgrnZI/s1600/Heroic+King+REVISED+-+Wheatmark.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="948" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHtKq3-6M9fIIWov-ouX18HHmOwEd92PHR92dPT0FIpkp4PT0DdSy3r1fPu4SHRqRMZuSNRw41RiwMTvSqPjTyRZbETfZPcFT6nPiCW3xq96Rtg44cJHdfJ0_6Aca6aQ5JSu6lHcgrnZI/s320/Heroic+King+REVISED+-+Wheatmark.jpg" width="220" /></a></div>
<br />
</div>
Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-3640243860247843132020-05-15T12:00:00.000+02:002020-05-15T16:17:40.281+02:00Fractious Allies - An Excerpt from "A Heroic King"<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">At the start of the month, I pointed out that Leonidas had to be a savvy diplomat to have forged the anti-Persian alliance of 480 BC -- and retained the cooperation of the bickering members. This excerpt from "A Heroic King" attempts to provide an inkling of the divisions in the coalition.</span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Lvd-NedNdtkdRYSSjO7063YxBtQbdYhngH1G4q8HYkdXHgDosO8XMx-YIVe3NuyYruR8OQNJqTHnaSW7LCWgyKYHV8kD1RQFqBc9OmcwN1NaUbNPgA4jtf_0a8ds6OxnralZvtGrd5o/s1600/Negotiations.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1168" data-original-width="1600" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Lvd-NedNdtkdRYSSjO7063YxBtQbdYhngH1G4q8HYkdXHgDosO8XMx-YIVe3NuyYruR8OQNJqTHnaSW7LCWgyKYHV8kD1RQFqBc9OmcwN1NaUbNPgA4jtf_0a8ds6OxnralZvtGrd5o/s320/Negotiations.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The guardsmen
made way for him, and he found himself facing five men: the representatives
from Mycenae, Tiryns,
Aegina, Troizen, and Thespiae. The sight of
Demophilus drew a smile from Leonidas. “Demophilus! When did you get here?” He
embraced the Thespian before acknowledging the rest. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Demophilus held
Leonidas’ arm and looked him hard in the eye. “I came as fast as I could. We heard
about your oracle.'”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“'Yes, and what of your own?”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Send your children and your wives to the
halls of Fair Helen, for the Muses have fled before the horns of Hektor’s
avengers and the harvest of Helicon will soothe the wounds of Perseus’ sons,
even as the lions of Thespiae live forever beside the Divine Twins.</i>”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Your wives and
children are welcome. Spartiate families will each host a family of Thespians,
and your children will play with ours on the banks of the Eurotas. We, my
brother, will pit our strength against the bulls of Persia with the courage of lions.”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“And what of
us?” the Aeginan asked indignantly. “Will you abandon us?”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Of course not!
Why would we?” Leonidas asked back. “Our position at Thermopylae and Artemisium
provides as much protection to Aegina, Mycenae,
and Tiryns as
to Thespiae.”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“The position,
yes, but not the command!” the Aeginan retorted hotly. “We will not fight under
the Athenians. Athens,
with their brand-new fleet manned by amateurs, has no right to command the rest
of us. Indeed, they do not even have enough men to man their fleet. They have
asked Chalcis to provide oarsmen for twenty of
their triremes and have requested the poor of Plataea to bring up to strength the crews of
the rest of their fleet. Put an Athenian in command of the fleet, and you don’t
know <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">where</i> it will end up―maybe
plundering Aegina before continuing on to take Kythera, or simply running away
to Sicily
like the oracle told them to do!” </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Leonidas was
shocked by two facts: the bitterness of Aegina’s opposition to Athenian
leadership, and the fact that his casual assurance to Themistocles about Sparta not claiming naval
command was already known. “And what does Corinth
say?” he asked, starting back toward the theater and forcing the others to
accompany him in an agitated group, trailed by his guardsmen.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Corinth is as outraged as
we are!” the Aeginan assured Leonidas.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This sounded too
self-serving to be accepted at face value―except that the other men were
nodding, including Demophilus.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Megara is outraged, too,”
the Mycenaean added. “They have threatened to withdraw from the coalition
altogether if Athens
is given command of the naval forces.”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“And Troizen
agrees,” the Troizen representative asserted emphatically.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“How many ships
do these cities represent?” Alkander asked.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Megara and Aegina have twenty triremes each, and Troizen
five; Corinth
has forty. Together it’s nearly a hundred.”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Would Aegina accept Corinthian command?” Leonidas asked the
Aeginan.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Adeimantus? No.
He’s a tile-maker, not an admiral. Put him in command and the whole fleet will
soon be cowering behind the Isthmus.”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">That had been
Leonidas’ impression, too, but it was one opinion he would have preferred not
to have confirmed. Why couldn’t the Corinthians have given their command to the
experienced and unshakable Erxander? How could they let internal rivalries get
in the way of sound military decisions? As it was, the second-largest
contingent of ships was commanded by a man who was only partially committed to
the fight. A stand at Thermopylae would be
totally pointless unless the Greek fleet held the Persian ships at Artemisium.
If the fleet failed, the Persians would simply bypass Thermopylae
and land their troops somewhere south of the Hot Gates.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Who, then?”
Leonidas asked the Aeginan. They were rapidly approaching the theater, where a
a lively debate was evidently in progress―at least, there were a large number of
catcalls, boos, and hisses being hurled at the speaker.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Sparta, of course,” the
Aeginan answered without hesitation.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Sparta’s fleet is also young―and much smaller than Athens’.”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Not as young as
Athens’, and
you did not build it with the declared intention of crushing us!” the Aeginan
reminded Leonidas.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Although
Leonidas personally believed that crushing Aegina had only been a pretext to convince
the Athenian Assembly to build the fleet, he could not deny that Themistocles
had <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">argued</i> his case by promising the humiliation of Aegina.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“We will not
accept Athenian command!” the Aeginan reiterated emphatically, seconded by his
colleague, who declared, “Nor will Troizen.”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Leonidas nodded
and stopped. He could see into the theater and noted that the speaker was from Kos, an island bringing just two triremes and two
penteconters to the coalition. The speaker had clearly tried the patience of
his audience with his long-winded defense of Athens’ claim to naval command.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Leonidas turned
to the Aeginan. “Sparta
will provide an admiral, if that is the wish of the majority of the coalition
members that have naval assets, but we will not actively claim command at sea.”
Turning to Alkander, he requested of his friend, “Please go in and tell
Sperchias that. Bring me word of the decision, when there is one.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6GoPwo8QEAnydluHuhUeCNhJg6_04D14wOs1w-EmeHbVv-ShCguC31zMuzs8UWKYNAyTNCltkadhpTzVnopKsRygjcX9BMEubGodvFdkI895_LUjiExBhVrl5_DaNNQ8xO7WQF34z6KI/s1600/Heroic%252BKing%252BREVISED%252B-%252BWheatmark.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="252" data-original-width="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6GoPwo8QEAnydluHuhUeCNhJg6_04D14wOs1w-EmeHbVv-ShCguC31zMuzs8UWKYNAyTNCltkadhpTzVnopKsRygjcX9BMEubGodvFdkI895_LUjiExBhVrl5_DaNNQ8xO7WQF34z6KI/s1600/Heroic%252BKing%252BREVISED%252B-%252BWheatmark.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Leonidas-Sparta-Helena-P-Schrader/dp/1604948302/" target="_blank"> Buy Now!</a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-74526977605889182372020-04-15T08:53:00.001+02:002020-04-15T08:53:52.049+02:00The Madness of Cleomenes - An Excerpt from "A Heroic King"<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">At the start of the month I pointed out that Herodotus described King Cleomenes as "unstable" and that modern historians have noted that his recorded behavior appears to fit well with the behavior of a paranoid schizophrenic. Building on this and based on my own familiarity with the disease (which I observed in a close friend), the Cleomenes in my Leonidas trilogy is shown to be growing increasing insane. Here's just one scene.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VWWjeXGWAHw/Xeu9Kz_PI-I/AAAAAAAAMrc/sFp6B28y8NozgIiAfqB3uAwA_ZFo8E4EgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Two%2BMen.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="433" height="227" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VWWjeXGWAHw/Xeu9Kz_PI-I/AAAAAAAAMrc/sFp6B28y8NozgIiAfqB3uAwA_ZFo8E4EgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Two%2BMen.tif" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
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</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Sir. Your wife has sent for you. She says you
must come to the Agiad palace at once.”</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Leonidas stared at the meleirene for a stunned
moment, and then grabbed his baldric off the wall and pulled it over his head
as he started down the corridor at a run.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In four years of marriage, Gorgo had never sent for him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only an emergency could have induced her to
send for him now. His first thought was that something had happened to
Pleistarchos. Infants were terribly vulnerable, and Brotus wanted nothing more
intensely than to see “something happen” to the boy that threatened his
succession to the throne.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the
summons to the palace suggested this had something to do with her Gorgo’s
father rather than her son. </span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
<span style="color: black;">
</span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On the front porch of the barracks, Leonidas
hesitated, unsure whether it would be faster to go to the stables and tack up
one of his horses or just run.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was
very late afternoon. The pipes would soon wail out for dinner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If he took a horse, it would be easier to get
to his syssitia from the palace.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it
would delay him, and Gorgo needed him now. The Agiad palace was not far away
and by taking the back streets, he could avoid crowds that might slow him down.
He started running</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">When he came out of a side street at a jog, he saw
the meleirenes on duty at the palace had left their posts beside the front door
and were peering around the side of the palace curiously. When they caught
sight of Leonidas, they pointed vigorously and called out. “The kitchen door!
Your wife is waiting at the kitchen door!”</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">One of his own chariots and the pair of matched
grey mares that Gorgo liked to drive were blocking the alley. As he ducked
under the necks of the horses he could hear shouting and crashes coming from
inside the palace. Gorgo was standing with her back to the door. Her himation
had fallen off her head, and her hair was exposed. She looked stunned and helpless,
then relief flooded her face as she saw Leonidas. “It’s my father!” She
exclaimed, running toward him. “He’s trying to kill the cook!”</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Leonidas took her arm in a gesture of
reassurance. “He’s doing what?”</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“My father’s trying to kill the cook. The staff
sent for me but when I went in he chased me out again. He’s got his sword and
he’s trying to hack his way through the door to the pantry where the cook has taken
refuge.”</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Leonidas met her eyes, shook his head in
momentary disbelief, and then nodded to indicate he was resolved. He turned, opened
the door to the delivery entrance and stepped inside with his hand on his hilt.
Gorgo followed in his wake, clutching her himation around her shoulders. </span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">They were greeted by crates of fresh vegetables
that had been knocked over and cabbage heads which had rolled in every
direction across the courtyard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Amphora lay
shattered on the paving tiles, spilling oil across the floor, while chickens fluttered
about screeching in panic. Leonidas slipped on the oil and fell, landing hard
on his elbow with a jarring that sent numbness up his arm, while Gorgo found
herself splattered with blood from a headless chicken that was still twitching
on a bench. Toppled chairs, heaps of broken pottery, and an overturned table
greeted them next. From the room beyond, they could hear shouting. Cleomenes
was hewing at a door with his sword and screaming at the top of his lungs.
“Assassin! Assassin!” </span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The kitchen staff had evidently scattered or
taken cover.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Leonidas gestured for Gorgo to stand back and
advanced to just a few feet behind his father-in-law before asking in a firm,
commanding voice. “What is this about, brother?” </span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cleomenes spun about to look at Leonidas,
apparently only moderately surprised by his sudden appearance. He then pointed
with his left hand at the closed pantry door. “That man is an assassin! He put
vile poison in my wine!”</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“It’s not true, my lord Leonidas! I swear on my
mother’s grave! It’s not true!” The protest came from the far side of the door.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“That’s old Prothous,” Gorgo recognized and
identified the voice.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Assassin!” Cleomenes screamed and swung his
sword into the door again. The blade sliced into the surface and stuck for a
moment before Cleomenes yanked it free. </span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Why in the name of the twins would Prothous
try to kill you, brother?” Leonidas asked stepping cautiously closer to
Cleomenes.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cleomenes spun about and pointed his sword
directly at Leonidas’ heart. Leonidas was wearing a linen corselet that would
not protect him from a direct thrust and Gorgo called out sharply. “Father!
Stop it!”</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cleomenes eyes shifted. “Gorgo!” This time he
recognized her. “Get away! Get away! We aren’t safe here anymore! Take
Pleistarchos to safety! Go to Arcadia!
To the springs!”</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Not without you, father.” Gorgo answered,
getting a grip on her own terror and moving steadily forward.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Leonidas glanced at her and back at her
father, uncertain if this was safe, but Cleomenes was confused. He looked from
Leonidas to Gorgo, then over his shoulder at the door. “Brotus! Brotus is
trying to kill me,” he declared.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Now <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">that</i>
I can believe,” Leonidas conceded in such a normal tone of voice that Gorgo
almost laughed, and Cleomenes was instantly disarmed. He let the point of his
sword sink so that it no longer threatened Leonidas’ chest. “You know about
Brotus?” he asked astonished.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Believe me, I <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">know</i> about Brotus. He has more than one murder on his hands already.
He would like to murder both of us ― and I don’t doubt he has his designs of
Pleistarchos. But poor old Prothous is not in his pay.” Leonidas added,
reaching out and taking Cleomenes’ sword from his limp hand.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“You’re sure?” Cleomenes asked, glancing again
at the door.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“I swear, my lord! I swear!” Prothous raised
his voice desperately but hopefully too.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“The wine tasted funny,” Cleomenes felt
compelled to justify himself.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“It was from Sicily, my lord, maybe it was a bit off, but
there was no poison.”</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Let me taste it,” Leonidas ordered generally,
and Gorgo blanched.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“I threw it out the window,” Cleomenes admitted
with a giggle.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gorgo reached her father’s side and stroked his
arm. “That was very wise, father.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Whether it was poisoned or just off, it deserved to be thrown out the
window.”</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cleomenes stroked her cheek and looked at her
as if she were his long lost bride. “My child. Have you come home?”</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Only to see that you are safe, father.”</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“But you won’t leave me alone tonight?” Already
his look was wild again and he looked around the shattered kitchen in alarm, as
if expecting assassins to spring up from the corners. </span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gorgo glanced at Leonidas, who answered for
her, “No, we’ll both stay with you tonight. Come, let Gorgo take you back into
the house and we’ll have some <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">good</i>
wine together.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’ll send word to your
syssitia that you are ill, and to mine that I am looking after you.” </span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cleomenes docilely allowed Gorgo to lead him
out of the kitchen. As soon as he was gone, Leonidas crossed to the pantry door
and knocked once. “You can come out.” </span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The door opened at once and a half dozen
terrified helots spilled out into the kitchen, while from outside came the
wailing of the pipes calling the men to dinner.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Fetch good wine ― make it neat and put poppy
seed in it,” Leonidas ordered.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Prothous, however, was kissing his hand in
gratitude. “You saved my life. You saved all our lives. He surely would have
butchered us!”</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The images of the wood by Argos were too vivid in his mind for Leonidas
to dismiss the thought altogether, but he tried to reassure the terrified old
cook. “It’s over now. Put together a tray with things my brother likes to eat,
especially fruit or nuts, foods hard to poison and serve up a familiar wine
laced with poppy seed. Gorgo and I will stay the night with him and see that he
stays calm.”</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Thank you, my lord.” They murmured in unison
around him.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Don’t call me ‘my lord.’” Leonidas corrected
them. “I’m just an ordinary peer.”</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Yes, my lord ― I mean sir.” </span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At the door into the </span></span><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">courtyard he glanced back at
the chaos left behind by his father-in-law and the anxious faces of the kitchen
staff and he knew this could not be allowed to go on much longer.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Leonidas-Sparta-Helena-P-Schrader/dp/1604948302/" target="_blank">Buy Now!</a></span></span></div>
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</span></b></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-73908957220594956092020-04-01T10:12:00.001+02:002020-04-01T10:12:16.440+02:00Making of a Hero III - Leonidas and his Brother<br />
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<b><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">It has become fashionable
to denigrate the memory of Leonidas by associating him with suicide bombers
(Cartledge) or by accusing him of murdering his brother. Thus Dr. Nic Fields in
<i>Thermopylae 480 BC: Last stand of the 300 </i>dismisses Herodotus’ version
of King Kleomenes’ death on the grounds that “the Spartans were notoriously
abstemious” and concludes instead that: “It seems more likely that Kleomenes’
reign was cut short [sic] by murder, arranged and hushed up, on the orders of
the man who succeeded him on the Agiad throne.” (p. 14)</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e3Q9B27UkQc/VI8PEPffVfI/AAAAAAAAChM/QrsgTe0dbYI/s1600/Leonidas.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e3Q9B27UkQc/VI8PEPffVfI/AAAAAAAAChM/QrsgTe0dbYI/s1600/Leonidas.jpg" width="137" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">There
are a large number of problems with this thesis. First and foremost,
of course, is that there
is not a shred of historical evidence for it. Not one ancient source accuses Leonidas of fratricide. Herodotus, as Fields notes, has a
completely
different version of events. So we are talking about nothing more than a
modern
commentator’s fabrication.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Fields feels justified fabricating this story because,
according to him, all Spartans (every last single one of them over hundreds of
years) were “abstemious” and since none ever drank in excess, a Spartan king
who drank too much is a historical (physical?) impossibility. Frankly, that’s a
little much. Even Spartans were human beings, and human beings are
fallible. Furthermore, we are talking
here about one of Sparta’s kings. Even if one could argue that peer pressure on
an ordinary citizen would have been too great in Sparta’s overweening society
to ever allow anyone to deviate too far from the norms, a Spartan king clearly had more leeway. The fact that Herodotos mentions the Spartans blamed his
madness on his drinking habits actually underlines the fact that Kleomenes’ behavior
was <i>not</i> considered normal in Sparta.
Spartans, as a rule, were abstemious, Kleomenes was not. Fields’ argument is
untenable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Of course, Fields is not the first historian to conclude
that the hero of Thermopylae was really a murderer on the run. Most accept the
fact that Kleomenes might have had a drinking problem, but cannot believe that
anyone would try to flay themselves alive.
Because they cannot imagine something so appalling and hence cannot
accept Herodotus at face value, they feel justified in accusing Kleomenes’
successor of regicide, fratricide and patricide </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">all at once -- </span>since Kleomenes was not only
Leonidas’ king, but also his brother and father-in-law). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Yet, as W. G. Forrest points out in his excellent, concise
work <i>A History of Sparta: 950 – 192 BC</i>: “A recent psychological study has pointed out that the details of
[Kleomenes’] final self-mutilation are in fact consistent with a paranoid
schizophrenic suicide.” In short, as so often, the evidence is with Herodotus – not those, who
lack the imagination to believe him. Yet even if we were to dismiss Herodotus’ version of Kleomenes’
death as implausible, would that justify pointing the finger at Leonidas?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">W. P. Wallace in his excellent article, “Kleomenes,
Marathon, the Helots, and Arkadia” (<i>The
Journal of Hellenic Studies</i>, Vol. 74 (1954), pp. 32-35), suggests
some plausible reasons why the Spartan state might have wanted to rid itself of
Kleomenes. Wallace presents some weak
but nonetheless, cogent evidence that an Arkadian league formed at about this
time and Herodotus also speaks of Kleomenes stirring up trouble in
Arkadia. Wallace argues that if
Kleomenes was being successful in turning some of the Arkadian states against
Sparta, then the Spartans may have felt he had to be taken out of circulation
once and for all. But even this does not justify putting the blame for any
surreptitious regicide on Leonidas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">People, who subscribe to this theory, argue that because
Leonidas succeeded to the throne, he had the most to gain from
murdering his brother, and so he must have been the man behind it.</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">But Leonidas was Kleomenes’ heir at the
latest from the day his elder brother Dorieus died, possibly from the day Dorieus
departed Sparta. Why would he have waited almost 40 years until he was over 50
years of age to suddenly become ambitious and covet his brother’s throne? </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Did
he, after serving Kleomenes almost his entire life, suddenly turn against him
because of “troubles” in Arkadia? Surely Kleomenes had made other, more
dramatic blunders, from Athens to Argos, that would have given Leonidas a pretext
for murder -- had he been so inclined. But we hear nothing of Leonidas being
disloyal after Kleomenes’ earlier debacles.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Another thing I would like to know from those who charge
Leonidas with murder is what Gorgo was doing while her husband murdered her
father? Gorgo, of all Greek women, is known for being outspoken. Are we to
believe that she just stood by and let her husband kill her father without a
word of protest? More: that after her husband murdered her father, she
continued to be a loyal wife, assisting him and asking for his instructions as
he marched out to his death? Surely, the
woman, who as a child had told her father not to take bribes, would have gone
on record protesting her father’s murder and then avenging his death or
scorning the murderer? (Think of the wrath of the Spartan princess Kleitamestra!)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Or are we to believe she was an accomplice? That she
supported her murderous husband like some ancient Lady Macbeth? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">If so, someone needs to provide an explanation of why
Kleomenes’ only child and heir, evidently greatly favored by him as a child,
suddenly wanted him murdered in a barbaric fashion. Trouble in Arkadia hardly
seems a sufficient reason for such an appallingly unnatural sentiment. Indeed,
explaining why Gorgo allowed her husband to kill her father is psychologically
a great deal more difficult than explaining how a man as consistently unstable
as Kleomenes came to commit suicide!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Last but not least, what action or statement by the
historical Leonidas and/or Gorgo justifies imputing to them the level of moral
perversion inherent in fratricide and patricide?
What did Leonidas or Gorgo ever do or say to give historians the right
to dismiss them as brutal, self-serving criminals? The arrogance is staggering.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It is sad that modern
commentators feel compelled to propagate errant nonsense about a historical
figure. To be sure, we know too little about the real Leonidas to know what
sort of man he was, but that hardly justifies untenable accusations of sadistic
fratricide just because we are uncomfortable with the disturbing but completely
plausible explanation provided by Herodotus. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Leonidas'
relationship with his half-brother and father-in-law is portrayed in
depth in my novel: "Leonidas of Sparta: A Peerless Peer."</i></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimzycFfjC0-50-Z8sFNS3ZunGiDGDrftQb7l90Qi1klt9kJBlVlwJIN5mbqNrW7E-T9-MPyfwnrdN14UcgEKcdOGCzksJEictkbFVLtFPjYxJ6tUoh3smlHwaeAPpejrIDz88HYaKSYhw/s1600/Peer+with+BRAG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="291" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimzycFfjC0-50-Z8sFNS3ZunGiDGDrftQb7l90Qi1klt9kJBlVlwJIN5mbqNrW7E-T9-MPyfwnrdN14UcgEKcdOGCzksJEictkbFVLtFPjYxJ6tUoh3smlHwaeAPpejrIDz88HYaKSYhw/s320/Peer+with+BRAG.jpg" width="211" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Peerless-Peer-Leonidas-Sparta-Book-ebook/dp/B005KC3MEE/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=A+Peerless+Peer&qid=1575728177&sr=8-1" target="_blank"> Buy Now!</a></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f1wV67nmHMo/Xeuyw8ehgzI/AAAAAAAAMrE/K8-7L3MHVJ4dCcLn-JLJhN90hD2REjRKQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Peer%2Bwith%2BBRAG.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </i></span><br />
<br />Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-55316666182914184682020-03-15T12:00:00.000+01:002020-03-16T12:38:01.285+01:00A Spartan Father - An Excerpt from A Heroic King<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>The historical record is silent about Leonidas as a father. A novelist, however, is free to imagine. </b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">In
the scene below, Leonidas, not yet king, is speaking with a Persian cavalry commander who has come with the Persian Ambassador to Sparta to learn more about the Spartan army. He has just witnessed the Spartan army at drill and Leonidas has challenged him to charge a phalanx on horseback together.</span></span></span> </b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QsW9BUcN0hI/W-Nk_W2wJfI/AAAAAAAAKw0/4ASH-rLxBI8m8sYjbDQCESPkKLTRckWXQCLcBGAs/s1600/Peerless%2BPeer.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1305" data-original-width="921" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QsW9BUcN0hI/W-Nk_W2wJfI/AAAAAAAAKw0/4ASH-rLxBI8m8sYjbDQCESPkKLTRckWXQCLcBGAs/s320/Peerless%2BPeer.tif" width="225" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">Zopyrus smiled graciously and bowed his head to the king's brother. "No, my lord. I know you would win because your horse is familiar with a Spartan phalanx and mine is not. What price do you want for him?"</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"For who?"</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"Your horse, my lord," Zopryus replied with a smile.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"> The king's brother smiled but shook his head. "He is not for sale."</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"I'll give you ten gold pieces," Zopyrus offered extravagantly. No horse was worth that much, but he wanted to both show that he could afford it and indicate he was not about to haggle. He wanted the horse.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"He's not for sale," the king's brother repeated more firmly. He was no longer smiling.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"Twenty," Zopyrus retorted. He hated being thwarted in anything, and he wanted to show he would have his way at any price.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"Sir, you could offer me the entire Persian treasury, and the answer would be the same. He is not for sale."</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"No horse is priceless," Zopyrus scoffed.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"I did not say he was priceless; I said he is not for sale. I do not sell the things I love at any price."</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">Zopyrus laughed. "You are a strange man. What did you say your name was?"</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"Leonidas."</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"The Lion's Son. Do you not resent that your brother, your twin, is a king and you are given no honors? In Persia, the twin brother of the king would be the second greatest nobleman in the realm, with vast powers and riches."</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">Leonidas smiled but replied earnestly. "In Persia, I do not believe the twin brother of the king would be allowed to live at all."</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">Zopyrus was caught off guard by this perceptive remark. Although he had given it no thought until now, he realized that no king with absolute power could risk having a living twin. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">Zopyrus' curiosity was aroused. "Do you have many sons, Leonidas?"</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"I have one son and one daughter."</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"Is that all?" Zopyrus was flabbergasted. Leonidas looked about forty years old, an age at which a Persian nobleman usually ha scores of children.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"I lost two children in a fire," Leonidas conceded, his face closed, and he quickly asked back, "And you?"</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"I have seven sons by my wives and another nine by concubines."</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"And daughters?"</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"I don't keep track of them," Zopyrus replied, dismissing the nuisances. Each female child was a wasted pregnancy and an added expense. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"You are a poor man." Leonidas turned his horse around and started riding down from the hillock, his big horse on a loose rein.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"Poor?" Zopyrus' temper flared, and he put his heels to his stallion so that with a leap he was beside Leonidas again. "You dare to call me poor when you ride around on a plow horse and have only one son?"<br /> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">Leonidas pulled up and stared at the Persian. "Tell me, what was the first word your eldest son said?"</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"How should I know?" Zopyrus dismissed the question irritably. "Nursery talk is for women and eunuchs. What matters is that I have <i>seven </i>legitimate sons who will carry on my line and <i>nine </i>more that carry my blood! They will grow up to be great warriors!"</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">"I have a thousand boys who call me 'father,'" Leonidas countered, "and each of them is being forged into a splendid soldier, but my son -- and my daughter -- have enriched me beyond measure with their smiles and temper tantrums and the trust in their eyes when I take them in my arms. You are a poor man, Persian, who has never known the joy of a little girl's laugh or the peace of holding a sleeping infant in your arms."</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">Zopyrus had no answer for this speech. It was incomprehensible to him. They were both speaking Greek, but they clearly did not understand each other.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOv6PXMMWOpMhpbzdzRKBtv7aIG1GWDBIYClcYQLcNIQHmnb5KYaQRu4gOHLiURl1GTUwUEiPy7eIiyJCdWBsxVg0Yf35-vVcw3EwXn8L0niv2vLGA660eV0hipbssPdLLYXceEtiUaQA/s1600/Heroic+King+REVISED+-+Wheatmark.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="948" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOv6PXMMWOpMhpbzdzRKBtv7aIG1GWDBIYClcYQLcNIQHmnb5KYaQRu4gOHLiURl1GTUwUEiPy7eIiyJCdWBsxVg0Yf35-vVcw3EwXn8L0niv2vLGA660eV0hipbssPdLLYXceEtiUaQA/s320/Heroic+King+REVISED+-+Wheatmark.jpg" width="222" /> </a></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Heroic-King-Leonidas-Sparta-Book-ebook/dp/B009ABSDHW/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">BUY NOW!</span></a></div>
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Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-17510238476877744672020-03-01T22:16:00.000+01:002020-03-02T12:29:33.719+01:00Making of a Hero II - Husband and Father<br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Although Helen, the ultimate femme fatale, was undoubtedly a
child of Sparta, few people nowadays think of love when they think of Sparta. Certainly,
Spartan art lacks the plethora of explicitly erotic art that is found elsewhere
in Greece. Yet the historical record suggests that love – in contrast to lust –
was indeed a feature of Spartan society. Herodotus, for example, explicitly states that
King Anaxandridas refused to divorce his apparently barren wife out of
affection for her, and only reluctantly agreed to take a second wife. Likewise, Spartan sculpture has a tradition
of showing man and wife side-by-side in harmony and near equality (and strongly
reminiscent of Egyptian sculpture, by the way).
Last but not least, Spartan law was the least misogynous among the
ancient Greek city-states, and so it was the city-state in which women were
most likely to be loved rather than despised. </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In such a society, a man's wife was not immaterial to his character. In Leonidas' case this was doubly so because his wife was the most famous of all Spartan women after Helen herself: Gorgo. Furthermore, she was Leonidas' niece. </span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></b>
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<b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Is there any indication of what their relationship might
have been?</span></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DjcBVYbLaP0/VI8NpmU6TFI/AAAAAAAACg0/9f0Gj8hKM7w/s1600/Spartan%2BCouple.tif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DjcBVYbLaP0/VI8NpmU6TFI/AAAAAAAACg0/9f0Gj8hKM7w/s1600/Spartan%2BCouple.tif" width="225" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">A Spartan Couple -- Side by Side</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">While we know that Leonidas was
Gorgo’s uncle, we do not know when either Leonidas or Gorgo was born and so do not know the age
difference between them. Herodotus states
that Leonidas was born only “shortly” after his brother Doreius, in which case
he would have been roughly 60 years old at Thermopylae. Likewise, according to Herodotus, Gorgo was
only about eight years old in 500, which would have made her 28 when Leonidas
died at Thermopylae, or 32 years younger than he. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Such an age difference would have been
unusual in Sparta, and there are several reasons why I believe this is
unlikely. First, Leonidas’ performance at Thermopylae in the forefront of the
most bitterly fought phalanx battles of history is improbable for a man of
sixty. Hoplite fighting was grueling
even if it lasted only a few hours on a single day. Second, it would mean
Leonidas had been nearly 50 when he married, again something that violated
Spartan law and custom. Finally, it would mean that Cleomenes’ only child had
not been born to him until he was over thirty, something which was also
unlikely for a ruling king. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It
is far more likely that
Leonidas was not much more than 45 at Thermopylae, 45 being the age at
which
Spartan reservists were no longer called-up for front-line service (i.e.
the age at which they were considered no longer fit enough for the
rigors of hoplite battles.) Likewise, it is very probable that
Herodotus
underestimated Gorgo’s age in his depiction of her encounter with
Aristagoras, either
intentionally (in order to discredit Cleomenes), or unintentionally
(because he
was unaware that Spartan girls did not marry until their late teens).
(In the rest of Greece, a girl was married as
soon as possible after her first period, so any girl still in her
father’s home
was per definition a “child.”) It is far more likely, however, that
Gorgo was a
teenager rather than a small child in 500 BC. This would mean that about
15
years separated Leonidas from Gorgo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">While less unusual than a 32 year
age difference, the age gap is still enough to mean that Leonidas would already
have been in school by the time Gorgo was born, and make it unlikely that they
spent much time together as children. The relationship would have been further
complicated by the fact that Cleomenes was the son of Anaxandridas’ second
wife, while Leonidas the son of his first. Leonidas’ full brother Doreius
refused to serve Cleomenes and twice led expeditions abroad to set up colonies.
While Leonidas appears to have been singularly loyal to Cleomenes, there is no
indication that he was particularly favored or close to Cleomenes – except the
marriage itself. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The fact that Leonidas was, after
the departure of Doreius, Cleomenes’ heir apparent provides the most logical
explanation of Leonidas’ marriage to Gorgo.
Gorgo clearly presented the Spartan state with a problem since the most
important duty of Sparta’s kings was to lead her hoplite army – something no woman, not even a Spartan woman, could do.
This does not, however, mean that the throne could not be transferred –
like other property – from an heiress to her husband or son. Sparta’s inheritance laws were notoriously
woman-friendly, allowing for heiresses to inherit. Therefore, the Spartans must have worried
that any man who married Gorgo would claim the Agiad throne, if not for himself
then for his sons by Gorgo. By marrying Gorgo to his half-brother and closest
male relative, Cleomenes avoided any of these potential problems. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In
short, the marriage of Gorgo
and Leonidas was almost certainly dynastic; the marriage need not have
involved
any kind of inclination or affection on either side. But the case is
not quite that simple. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">First, as the closest male relative of
Cleomenes, Leonidas would have been well-positioned to claim the throne <i>without</i> taking Gorgo to wife, if he had
found the marriage objectionable.
Certainly, if he were the kind of man, as some historians claim, who was capable of committing fratricide and regicide to
lay claim to the throne in 490, than he need not have gone to the trouble of
marrying Cleomenes’ daughter. He would have found ways of disposing of her as
well as her father. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Second, while Spartan
law did not give women any official say over their husbands, it hardly seems
likely that Gorgo, who went down in history as outspoken even in matters that
did not directly concern her, was going to meekly accept a man she did not
want. In short, while there is no evidence of strong mutual attraction, there
is good reason to believe that both parties to the marriage found it acceptable.
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">There are two incidents in the historical record, however,
that hint at something more than a marriage of convenience. The first of these is the famous
scene in which Gorgo deciphers the significance of the apparently blank writing
tablets sent by Demaratus. The way the
scene is written, it is clear that Demaratus has sent a message to the Spartan
state – not to Leonidas personally. But “no one” could figure out what the blank
tablets meant until Gorgo suggested scraping the wax off them. The importance of this scene is two-fold.
First, it is further evidence of Gorgo’s cleverness, but secondly, it shows that Gorgo was present when affairs
of state were being discussed. A message to <i>Sparta</i>
would most likely have been sent to the ephors or the Gerusia. If Gorgo was
present when either of these bodies were meeting, it could only have been
because Leonidas was willing to let her be present – a clear sign of respect. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">And Gorgo returned the compliment. When asked by a foreign woman why Spartan
women were the only women in the world who “ruled their men,” Gorgo allegedly
said it was because Spartans were the only women who gave birth to men. Her classically Laconic answer went straight
to the heart of the matter, accurately diagnosing the low status of women
elsewhere in the Greek world as the product of misogyny. Only Spartan men, Gorgo implied, were man
enough not to be intimidated by strong, out-spoken women. That is not the
answer of a woman, who thinks little of her own husband. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This second incident is revealing for another reason as
well. Since most Greek women were
confined to the back of their own houses and rarely set foot
outside except for weddings, funerals and assisting in the childbirth of relatives, it is hardly likely that
Gorgo’s allegedly Attican interrogator was outside of her own four walls, much
less outside her city. The woman who
asked Gorgo about the strange power of Spartan woman was in her own
environment; Gorgo was the outsider. That means that Leonidas took Gorgo with
him when he traveled abroad. That, in
turn, suggests a far closer relationship than a conventional marriage. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Unfortunately, the only exchange <i>between</i> Leonidas and Gorgo that has been passed down to us it is
little more than ideological drivel.
Allegedly, Gorgo asked Leonidas
for his “instructions” or “orders” as he marched away to his death and he told
Gorgo to do her eugenic duty to “marry a good man and have good children.” This text-book exchange is so stereotypical
that it is very probably spurious, intended to give greater credence to the
ideology contained by putting it into the mouths of heroes by Spartan propagandists centuries after both
Leonidas and Gorgo were long dead.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In summary, Leonidas was the son of a man who defied the
ephors for love of his wife, Leonidas' mother. He married voluntarily a young woman, who had
already established a reputation for being outspoken and politically astute. He
included her in contexts where affairs of state were being handled. He traveled
with her abroad. He had at least one child with her. And he may have explicitly
urged her to marry again and found a new family after his own death. A love
story? Not necessarily, but it has the makings of one….</span></div>
<br />
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<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Leonidas'
relationship and marriage with Gorgo is an important component of the
second book in my Leonidas Trilogy: A Peerless Peer. </i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span>
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Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-20591861324572965512020-02-15T12:00:00.000+01:002020-02-15T12:44:34.973+01:00The Boy Leonidas - An Excerpt from "A Boy of the Agoge"<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>At the start of the month, I described Leonidas childhood and its impact on the man he became. His childhood is the focus of the first book in my Leonidas Trilogy. Below is the opening scene.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The first seven years Leonidas rarely saw either of his parents. In fact, when he was still a toddler it had surprised him to learn that the exalted personages who occasionally swept in and out of his life, surrounded by an elaborate entourage, had anything particular to do with him. He and his twin brother Cleombrotus were fed, clothed, washed, and disciplined by their respective nannies, Dido and Polyxo. These were buxom, sturdy girls with black hair and eyes, and apparently sisters. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Polyxo and Dido competed as fiercely as mothers with regard to their charges, each claiming to have the fi nest boy. Polyxo had all the obvious advantages because Cleombrotus weighed a pound more than Leonidas at birth and he grew faster. By the time the twins were two, Cleombrotus could knock Leonidas over with relative ease— which he frequently did. Dido, however, insisted that her little charge was nevertheless the better of the brothers because while Cleombrotus had brute force, Leonidas had tenacity and cunning. He might get knocked down, but he did not let that defeat him. Quite the contrary, he would at once seek to drag his brother down on top of him. He did not always succeed; but like a good hunting dog, once he had hold of his prey he could not be shaken off easily. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Polyxo and Dido had once rushed after the sound of high-pitched screaming to find Cleombrotus trying to run down a long flight of stairs to escape Leonidas. But Leonidas clung to his leg so fi fiercely that he tripped his brother. They both fell all the way down the marble stairs, Leonidas still clinging grimly to Cleombrotus’ leg, to land at the scandalized feet of their mother, Taygete. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Taygete was a regal personage. She was tall and slender, and despite her 50 years of age, she was as straight as a battle spear. Her hair, pulled back behind a diadem of ivory, was the color of iron. And so were her eyes. Leonidas never forgot the way she leveled those merciless grey eyes on him and then lifted her head to demand in an icy voice of Polyxo and Dido: “What in the name of the Dioscuri is going on here? Are these not princes of the Agiad house? I will not have them rolling about in the dirt like helot brats. If you cannot raise your charges in a befitting manner, I will find better nurses for them. The likes of you can be found in any marketplace of any perioikoi town all across Lacedaemon!” </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The girls were terrified—and so was Leonidas. He staggered to his feet, bruised and bleeding, and tried to grab hold of Dido. His mother reached out and yanked him free of the nurse with a single gesture. Taygete’s hands and arms were as hard as her eyes. She had trained at the bow and javelin all her life. Leonidas went flying halfway across the hall to land with an audible thump. Dido gasped in sympathy but did not dare move.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Have I made myself clear?” Taygete asked the terrified helot girls. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Yes, ma’am,” they answered in unison. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Taygete turned on her heel and departed, her magnifi cent purple silk peplos billowing out behind her. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Dido came and collected Leonidas into her arms. She was weeping, and he soon found himself comforting her, rather than the other way around. It was then that she tried to explain things to him. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Taygete, his mother, was the niece and wife of King Anaxandridas, Leonidas’ father. She had been barren for many years after her marriage, and she reached the age of 30 without her womb quickening once. By then King Anaxandridas was in his mid-forties and the ephors and Council of Elders became increasingly concerned. They searched the heavens for a sign, and the stars said that the Agiad King must marry another woman or the Agiad house would die out. So the ephors had demanded that King Anaxandridas put aside his barren wife and take a new bride. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Your father,” Dido explained, “being very fond of your mother, flatly refused to do so. He called the suggestion improper and pointed out that his wife was without blame. After much thought and discussion, the ephors and the Council of Elders agreed that the stars had advised only that King Anaxandridas need marry another woman, not that he must divorce his current wife. They decided to make an exception to the law to allow him to take a second wife. Although your father at first resisted this suggestion, after some time he gave in and submitted to the will of the Council and ephors. The ephors then selected a maiden descended directly from the wise Chilon himself. (When you get older and go to the agoge, you’ll hear all about him.) And to your mother’s great dismay, your father not only married her, but bedded her as well. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“In fact, within a very short period of time, your father’s second wife, who is called Chilonis after her famous ancestor, became pregnant. One year after your father had taken her to wife, she produced a son, your half-brother Cleomenes.” Leonidas thought: oh, no, not <i>another </i>brother! </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Dido continued with the story, “but no sooner had Cleomenes been presented to the ephors and found sound and healthy, than your mother found herself pregnant, although she was nearer to 40 than 30 by this time. There were many people who did not believe her. They thought she was making it all up and would try to deceive the people by putting another woman’s child into her bed and presenting it as her own. So the ephors insisted on being present at the birth -- right in the birthing chamber! “But perhaps it was a good thing after all, because the ephors saw for themselves that there was no deceit, and your mother had indeed produced a fine son. In fact, she presented them with a bigger and healthier son than the boy of the other wife.” </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“What about me?” Leonidas asked, hurt and distressed that even his own Dido would speak only of his bigger, stronger brother. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Oh, this was more than ten years before you and Cleombrotus were born!” Dido explained with a little laugh and a hug. “I was speaking of your brother Dorieus.”<br /><br />Yet <i>another </i>brother! Leonidas thought in despair. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“After that, your mother felt she had been vindicated of all blame in the affair, and no one ever expected to her to have another child, but ten years after Dorieus was born, she became pregnant again. And at the end of her time, you and Cleombrotus came into the world.” </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Why don’t I ever see my other brothers?” Leonidas asked, rather hoping that they lived on the far side of the Taygetos, or beyond the Pillars of Herakles, or anywhere where he would never have to encounter them. Cleombrotus was trouble enough. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Dorieus is already in the agoge, but he visits his parents on holidays. Cleomenes lives in his mother’s household on the far side of the Eurotas. Your mother will not let him or his mother cross the threshold of this house. When your father wishes to see them, he must go to them.” </span><br />
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<br />Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-82719216913571978572020-02-01T13:02:00.000+01:002020-02-01T13:02:36.044+01:00Making of a Hero Part I - Leonidas' Birth and Upbringing<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Although Leonidas’
stand at Thermopylae is widely viewed as the epitome of “Spartan” behavior, it
was, in fact, unique in Spartan history. No king had ever died in battle
before Thermopylae, and famously, less than a hundred years later in 425 BC,
several hundred Spartans trapped on the island of Sphacteria surrendered rather
than die to the last man. Nor was this later incident the act of isolated,
dishonorable individuals. The Spartan government was so anxious to recover the
men who surrendered that it sued for peace.</b></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>
Thus, far from doing only what he had been raised to do, Leonidas’ stand at
Thermopylae was a very personal one. To understand it, it is useful to
look at him as an individual – starting with his childhood. For the next seven
months, I will be looking at Leonidas' biography to trace how he came to make
his stand at Thermopylae. I start with his childhood and youth.</b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tA4Rfw06ZN8/XeuqnX_angI/AAAAAAAAMq4/vY8bfUj5oFkxesUZWLlBnOXRZguYwWErwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Boy%2Bof%2Bthe%2BAgoge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="807" data-original-width="916" height="281" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tA4Rfw06ZN8/XeuqnX_angI/AAAAAAAAMq4/vY8bfUj5oFkxesUZWLlBnOXRZguYwWErwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Boy%2Bof%2Bthe%2BAgoge.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Two
aspects of Leonidas’ childhood may shed light on his later life: the bitter
rift within his family and his education in the agoge.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">By the
time Leonidas was born, his father had – very much against Spartan custom –
taken a second wife. The circumstances were notable. King Anaxandridas,
according to Herodotus, was “devoted” to his wife, the daughter of his sister,
but their marriage was childless for years. The ephors, concerned about the
extinction of one of the royal houses, urged Anaxandridas to put aside his
apparently barren wife and marry again. Anaxandridas flatly refused. Not
only that, he explicitly stated that his wife was “blameless,” and he called a
divorce “improper.” (A Spartan way of saying “absolutely unthinkable.”) The
ephors reconsidered and came back with a new proposal; they suggested
Anaxandridas take a second wife for the sake of the dynasty. A key aspect of
this deal was clearly that the former princess and now queen was allowed to
retain her status not only as wife but as queen and that she almost certainly
remained in the royal palace.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><br />
Anaxandridas’ second wife was a “child of the people” -- probably selected by
the ephors because she was the direct descendent of Chilon the Wise, the man
usually attributed with greatly increasing the power of the ephors, effectively
turning them from mere agents of the kings into independently powerful
representatives of the Assembly. Anaxandridas “did his duty” and sired a
son on this second wife, but it is unlikely that she lived under the same roof
as his favored, first wife, or that she enjoyed his affections or attentions
after she had performed her dynastic function. Certainly, she bore no children
except the one son, Cleomenes.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">On
the other hand, Anaxandridas’ first, allegedly barren, wife became pregnant
shortly after the birth of Cleomenes. Despite suspicions that this was a trick
of some kind, she gave birth -- in the presence of the ephors -- to a healthy
son, Doreius. What is more, she went on to give Anaxandridas two additional
sons: Leonidas and Cleombrotus. In short, Anaxandridas continued to
cohabitate with is first, beloved wife, while his second consort was apparently
ignored and neglected.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The
importance for Leonidas is that although he would initially have grown
up in an apparently intact family unit, he would soon have been
confronted with the underlying rivalries between his older brothers,
Cleomenes and Doreius. While we cannot know what Anaxandridas’ first wife felt about his second (or the fact that her husband allowed himself to be persuaded into sharing her bed), we can be certain that she favored her own son over her rival’s. Because Cleomenes had been born first, however, he was technically the heir apparent. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Herodotus further
claims that even as a child Cleomenes showed signs of mental instability
(“was not quite right in the head”). Dorieus, in contrast, was the
“finest young man of his generation.” This undoubtedly fed the hopes of his mother – and Doreius himself -- that he would take his father’s place on the Agiad throne when the time came. Herodotus records that
Doreius was “confident” he would succeed his father and was correspondingly “indignant” when “the Spartans” (the ephors? The
Gerousia? The Assembly?) made Cleomenes king instead. So indignant, we are told, that he could not bear to remain in Sparta under his half-brother’s rule. Instead, he set off with men and ships – but without the approval of Delphi – to set up a colony in Africa.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Notably,
Leonidas did not go with him. Nor did Leonidas go with Doreius on his second, sanctioned adventure to Sicily, several years later. There could
be any number of reasons why not, but one plausible explanation is that
Leonidas was more at loggerheads with his older brother Doreius than his half-brother Cleomenes. Assuming that Cleonmenes was raised in a
separate household and did not attend the agoge, Leonidas may not have known Cleomenes very well at all. Doreius, on the other hand, would have been constantly in front of him, the “perfect” elder brother, who did everything right (as the finest in his generation) and very likely his mother’s darling as well. Leonidas, on the other hand, would have been the middle child of three same-sex children born to his mother. Such children commonly display distinct characteristics.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The middle
child of three same-sex children is often rebellious, difficult,
irresponsible, and a brilliant under-achiever. Alternatively, they can be the “peace-makers,” sensitive but secretive, more focused on peer-groups than family. The most consistent characteristic of
middle-children is that they are almost always the opposite of their
older sibling.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This might explain a key feature of Leonidas’
personality. Because his older brother was rebellious and convinced of
his superiority and destiny to lead, Leonidas might have become
obsessively loyal, the quintessential “team player.” He might have been the “peace-maker” between the two, antagonized branches of the family,
and as such been rewarded with the physical symbol of reconciliation,
the hand of Cleomenes’ daughter Gorgo. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Leonidas’ education in the agoge, on the other hand, united him with his subjects in a unique way. The hardships of the agoge were designed to make youth bond together. A common upbringing, shared hardships and follies, can even today create a sense of belonging between class-mates that bridges
political differences and is more powerful than business partnerships.
The more difficult, rigorous and elitist such “school ties” are, the most enduring they are likely to be. The Spartan agoge appears to have worked remarkably well in giving Spartan citizens a sense of common identity and responsibility for one another. Usually, the kings and future kings were excluded from this close-knit society, however,
because the heirs to the throne (in Leonidas’ generation Cleomenes) did not attend the agoge. But Leonidas, like Doreius, did. He would have forged close bonds with his classmates, and been accepted as “one of the boys” even by those who did not particularly know or like him.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Furthermore,
Leonidas did not become king until later in life. Certainly he was a
full citizen. Possibly he had been an “ordinary” Spartan for almost half a century before he ascended the throne. Most of his life, therefore, he remained “one of the boys.” He belonged to the club, but he wasn’t the leader, not like Doreius. This might have undermined his authority at one level. One quote is recorded in which allegedly someone
challenged him saying: “Except for being king, you are no better than
the rest of us.” This quote reinforces the image of Leonidas as having being “ordinary,” rather than “extraordinary” before he came to his brother’s throne. It would also fit in with the pattern of an underachieving middle son.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">But once he was king, Leonidas could count upon double loyalty from his subjects. He could count upon not only the loyalty Spartans owed their kings as descendants of Heracles and demi-gods, but also upon the more visceral, emotional, blind loyalty of his comrades. Leonidas was both a king and one of the boys.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">I
think this is an important aspect of Leonidas’ appeal. At Thermopylae,
he was not so much command subordinates or subjects as rally comrades. They paid him back in the highest currency known to man: with their loyalty unto death.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="color: #990000;">Leonidas' childhood is the focus of the first book in my three-part biographical novel, "A Boy of the Agoge."</span></i></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQugM17Al9HBV8hlDwdMDLjfSN0GsMvcA7TmRy3YmLzgT2HOnH5Y2hAIiygl8gXgWiXh4oI01kTUpNVMJL4j-GlHp4ypOA_FeqVDVthkEmkgCS9VcvEdoijbWmsHLvZ1v7SlZ0WFfTgOA/s1600/Boy+Cover+NEW.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1352" data-original-width="916" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQugM17Al9HBV8hlDwdMDLjfSN0GsMvcA7TmRy3YmLzgT2HOnH5Y2hAIiygl8gXgWiXh4oI01kTUpNVMJL4j-GlHp4ypOA_FeqVDVthkEmkgCS9VcvEdoijbWmsHLvZ1v7SlZ0WFfTgOA/s320/Boy+Cover+NEW.jpg" width="216" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></i></span><br />
<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Leonidas-Sparta-Helena-P-Schrader/dp/1604944749/" target="_blank">Buy Now!</a> </span></div>
<br />
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-30122028479070217632020-01-15T10:11:00.001+01:002020-01-15T10:11:25.352+01:00Spartan Ambassadors in Persia<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">As described in my last post, Sparta sent two men to Persia to atone for the Persian ambassadors murdered by the Spartans. Here's an excerpt from <i>A Heroic King </i>describing the encounter between Xerxes and the Spartiates Sperchias and Bulis -- with a short introduction describing Xerxes initial reaction.</span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“What did you say?!” Xerxes sprang up from his
throne in anger and stared at his uncle Artaphernes. Then, not giving the older
man a chance to answer, he demanded in a tone of outrage. “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spartans</i>? Is that what you said? <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spartan</i> Ambassadors dare to come here, all the way to Persepolis, to crave
audience with me!”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Yes.” Artaphernes was not in the least
intimidated by his nephew. He did not think he was particularly gifted,
brilliant or competent ― but he had no interest in civil war either and was
content to let him be the “Great King.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“How dare they!” Xerxes demanded.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Oh, they are nothing if not impudent,”
Artaphernes observed. “Have you forgotten that they ‘warned’ Cyrus to keep out
of Greece?
No one here had even heard of them at the time. An insignificant city, but a
singularly self-important one.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Self-important? You call a people that could
murder two ambassadors carrying an offer of peace and friendship
‘self-important’? A strange choice of words, uncle! I call such men barbarians.
Did you not hear the account Zopyrus made of their brutality?”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Zopyrus was badly shaken.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“As I think we <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">all</i> would have been, uncle, under the circumstances” Xerxes told
him primly. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Artephernes raised his shoulders and conceded.
“No doubt you are right, but I would advise you to hear these men out
nevertheless.”</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Why?” Xerxes asked sharply. “I have half a
mind to ―”</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“I know what you have a mind to do, and understandable
as it is, I still advise you to hear them out.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Give me one reason why I should?”</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Curiosity, your magnificence, curiosity.”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">***</span></span></div>
<br />
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Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“What is your name and your station?” The young
man asked Sperchias in a haughty voice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sperchias bowed his head respectfully and
announced. “I am Sperchias son of Aneristus and my colleague is Bulis son of
Nicoles. We are full Spartan citizens, as our former king Demaratus can
verify.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Are you noblemen? Men of property?” Xerxes
wanted to know.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“We are both,” Sperchias assured him.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Why did your king pick you to be slaughtered?
Why you and not someone else?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Our king did not send us here,” Sperchias
answered.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“And could not have made us come, if he had
wanted to,” Bulis added gruffly. “We are here of our free will.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Xerxes’ eyes shifted briefly to Bulis and then
settled again on Sperchias. “So, if your king did not send you, why are you
here?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“As I said before: we are here to make
reparation for the murder of your emissaries. To offer up our lives in payment.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“We do not understand. Who sent you, if not
your king?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Sparta
has two kings, but the kings do not make policy. Sparta’s citizens in Assembly make policy. It
was the Spartans that killed your ambassadors, and the Spartans who make
reparations, not our kings.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“The Spartans ― collectively,” Xerxes sound
skeptical, or was it contemptuous?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Yes.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“And why did they <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">collectively</i> choose you?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“They did not; we chose ourselves,” Sperchias
answered, but because Xerxes looked as if he did not understand, Bulis added,
“Have you never heard of volunteers? Does no one in your whole Empire ever do
anything of his free will?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Xerxes raised his eyebrows and his expression
lifted somewhat as if he were intrigued, even pleased. “You volunteered to come
here and offer yourself as sacrifices?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Yes,” Sperchias and Bulis said in unison.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Ah.” Xerxes leaned back in his throne and his
eyes shifted from one to the other. Then he looked up at the older man to the
right and behind his throne and smiled slightly. “Very interesting. So you will
accept any sentence the Great King makes?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Our lives are yours to do with as you please.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“You are either very brave men or very stupid.
Do you not know the punishment for crimes against the Great King?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“King of the Medes,” Sperchias began, “we have
heard that your father instituted many very wise laws, one of which is that no
man should be put to death for only one crime, but always given a second chance
― “ Xerxes drew a breath to answer, but Sperchias kept talking, “but we know
this does not apply to us because what the Spartans did was not a crime but an
offense against the gods. Also, we have heard that men who speak against you
have their tongues twisted out of their mouths, and men who give false witness
have their eyes burned out with hot pokers. We know that men caught spying have
their ears cut off and then spikes are pushed into their ears until their eardrums
bleed out of their heads, while those who rise up in rebellion against you have
their skin cut off from their living bodies and are then hung up to feed the
flies. We have not heard the specific punishment for men who kill the personal
representatives of the Great King, but we presume,” Sperchias glanced once at
Bulis and he nodded almost imperceptibly, “we presume that it is terrible.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Xerxes considered the men before him, his eyes
again shifting from one to the other. Then he nodded once and spoke in a loud
voice pitched at the chronicle of history more than the men in the room. “Then
hear the sentence of the Great King. The King of the Persians and the Medes, of
the Parthians, Babylonians, Elamites, Scythians, Indians, Babylonians,
Egyptians, Armenians, Arabians, Nubians, Ionians, Kretans and many other
peoples, Xerxes son of Darius will not sink to the level of beasts who murder
ambassadors in violation of the laws of civilized men. The Great King will <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> do that very thing for which he holds
your countrymen in the most abject contempt. Nor will he,” Xerxes was raising
his voice, whether for greater effect or because he was genuinely agitated, “nor
will he, by taking reprisals on two brave yet insignificant sacrificial lambs,
absolve the Spartans of the burden of guilt for their crime. You <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cannot</i> make reparation ― brave and noble
as your gesture may be ― you <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cannot</i>
save your fellow citizens from the punishment they deserve ― and will reap! </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“So, remain as long as you wish in my capital.
My servants and treasury are at your disposal. You will want for nothing as
long as you wish to remain my guests, and when you wish to return, you will be
escorted by a company of cavalry, who will see to your safety and comfort. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“But take this message back to Sparta
― her kings and her citizens alike: Sparta
is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> yet absolved of its barbarous
crime and has <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">yet</i> to pay the price of
offending the law of civilized nations.”</span></div>
<br />
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<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Leonidas-Sparta-Helena-P-Schrader/dp/1604948302/" target="_blank"><i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Buy Now!</span></i></a></div>
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Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-82609843901315095382019-12-15T12:00:00.000+01:002019-12-15T12:38:22.660+01:00Persian Ambassadors in Sparta<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Darius of Persia did not savagely attack the Greek city-states without warning. Being intelligent, he sought to obtain submission first by peaceful means; being a highly civilized man he employed diplomats to convey his message to the Greeks, including Sparta. In this scene from <i>A Heroic King</i>, Darius' ambassadors present their credentials to Sparta's ephors and the two kings. </span></span></b></div>
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Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Persian ambassadors bowed more deeply and
at last pulled their credentials from their long, flowing sleeves for Zopyrus
to hand to the Spartan kings. For a moment, Zopyrus was disconcerted because,
with two kings, he did not know which took precedence. He decided to give the
credentials to the man who looked older, but the man frowned and waved toward
the other man. The fairer man unrolled the scrolls and his eyes scanned the
contents that were in both Persian and Greek. Then he handed the scrolls back
to Zopyrus and with a nod, remarked, “Deliver your message to the ephors. We
are here at your request only as witnesses.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Persians consulted but agreed that they should
proceed. They carefully positioned themselves between the ephors and the kings
so they could deliver their message without having their backs to either. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tisibazus was an eloquent man, and Zopyrus felt
his Greek was not always up to the requisite level. He found himself using some
words over and over again, and he was frustrated that he could not seem to
convey the message adequately, because the Spartans listened utterly
expressionless. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tisibazus reminded the Spartans of the Great
King’s many conquests, stressing both his great generosity to those who
submitted to his justice and his great wrath with those who defied him. He
spoke of the utter obliteration of the defiant Samians, and described vividly
the crushing of the Ionian revolt. By this time, three of the ephors appeared
to have fallen asleep with their eyes open. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tisibazus realized he might have talked too
long. He shortened his prepared speech slightly, coming to the point. “Athens and Eretrea ―
without cause or provocation ― chose to attack the Great King. They burned and
sacked his city of Sardis.
They killed his soldiers and captured his ships. Yet the Great King has not
punished them. He has ― with infinite and truly sovereign restraint ― sent
ambassadors to these cities just as he has sent us to you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All with just one purpose, to secure peace
and end this senseless bloodshed unworthy of two civilized peoples. He begs you
come to your senses, to use reason rather than passion, as civilized peoples
do. He begs you to accept his offer of peace, to bask in the sun of mutual
prosperity ― rather than call down the horrors of war upon your innocent wives
and children.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tisibazus paused. Their audience sat blinking
at them blankly like a flock of sheep or sun-bathing lizards. Tisibazus looked to
Zopyrus in exasperation.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Finally, one of the Spartans officials,
apparently more quick-witted than the rest, seemed to sense that the Persians
were finished with their appeal, and asked. “The Great King is offering peace?”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Yes, exactly,” Tisibazus responded, as soon as
Zopyrus had translated. He was relieved that at least one of these apparent
idiots had grasped what he was saying.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“But that’s what we already have,” the shorter,
darker king burst out, scowling. “We are not at war with Persia.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Not yet, perhaps,” Tizibazus responded as soon
as Zopyrus had translated, “and war is what the Great King in his divinely
inspired mercy is anxious to avoid. He wishes nothing more earnestly than peace
for both our peoples.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Well, he can have it. We aren’t going to
attack him.” The short, dark king declared decisively, glaring at his fellows
as if daring them to contradict him. Zopyrus was relieved that at least one of
the kings had the backbone to act like a king, while his co-regent raised an
eyebrow but said nothing. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“That is wonderful news!” Tisibazus declared
when he heard Zopyrus’ translation. He laid a closed fist on his chest and bowed first to the king who had spoken, then to the other king and finally to
the ephors, while Zopyrus translated, ending with, “Then you will send the
tokens of submission back with us?”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“What tokens of submission?” The dark king demanded.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Earth and water ― a jar of each ― mere symbols,”
Zopyrus explained without waiting for Tisibazus’ answer.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Symbols of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">submission</i>,
did you say?” the taller king asked. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Zopyrus repeated the word confident he had made
no error of translation here, embellishing on his own, “Yes, yes, a mere
gesture to show that you wish the Great King no harm and accept him as your
overlord.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">What happened next was confusing. As if the
five ephors had indeed fallen asleep during the bulk of the speech, they now
all started looking at one another and repeating the word, “overlord?” </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“What is the matter?” Tisibazus asked Zopyrus
irritably.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“They seem unhappy with the word ‘overlord’ ―
or indeed the idea of submitting earth and water.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Nonsense!” Tisibazus exclaimed. “Tell them it
is a small price to pay for peace.” Zopyrus passed the message.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Small?” The taller king asked in a voice that
silenced the room. “You call it small?”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Yes, of course,” Zopyrus answered even before
translating.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tisibazus elaborated on the answer. “Most
subjects of the Great King are compelled to send tribute of all kinds and worth
thousands of gold pieces to the Great King. Yet in his infinite mercy and generosity,
he has chosen to ask of you only tokens. All we are talking about is a jar of
earth, a jar of water, mere acknowledgment of the objective facts.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“What facts?” the stocky king demanded frowning
as if he wasn’t following the speech, despite it being delivered in Greek.
Zopyrus began to suspect that the man was thick in the head.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Why, the plain fact that you are weak and
cannot hope to defend yourselves against the might of the Great King.” Came the
expected answer from Tisibazus, which Zopyrus translated simultaneously. “By
submitting freely to Darius the Allmighty, accepting his sovereignty over you,
you do no more than bow to the inevitable, to what is reasonable, and what is
right.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“How dare you tell us what is right!” The
stocky king growled belligerently.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Zopyrus translated with some trepidation, but Tisibazus
was an experienced diplomat and took the insult in his stride. He bowed with
mock respect to the petty king with a smile on his lips that betrayed his
contempt, “Forgive me. Perhaps it is presumptuous for us to tell you what is
right, but you will also have to acknowledge that whether it is right or not,
the Great King commands armies of millions and fleets of thousands and your
pitiable army will be crushed like ants beneath the heel of a giant, if it
dares to defy us ― just as your brothers in Ionia learned.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Everyone in the room seemed to hold their
breath while Zopyrus translated this reply. When he finished it was the taller,
fairer king who answered: “That, sir, is tantamount to saying that the prospect
of defeat is grounds for surrender.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Isn’t it?” Tisibazus asked opening his arms in
a gesture of absolute innocence and his answer seemed to need no translation.
He continued, “Is it not the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">duty</i> of
reasonable men to bow to the inevitable? Is it not the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">privilege</i> of intelligent men to avoid foreseeable disaster? You
look like an intelligent man to me,” Tisibazus admitted generously, gesturing
for Zopyrus to do his part, and then, this message delivered, he added, “Surely
you can see that it is sometimes wiser to bend with the wind than to fight a
storm you cannot beat?”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“You have misjudged me,” the tall man snapped, rudely
(or so it seemed to Zopyrus) rejecting the compliment the Persian had paid him.
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Baffled, Tisibazus cast his colleague a look of
incomprehension. They had expected the Athenians to be emotional and foolish,
but the picture they had been given of Sparta
was of a single-minded, disciplined people, well suited to life inside the Persian Empire. Why these men were so docile and
obedient, they had been told, the sons of even their noblemen allowed
themselves to be publicly flogged!</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tisibazus’ companion took over, speaking in
shorter sentences to ensure the translation went faster. “My colleague has been
too oblique perhaps,” the second ambassador said. “The Great King is making you
an offer. It is a simple and fair offer. Surrender your sovereignty to him and
enjoy his benign reign, or face his wrath.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Surrender? Without a fight? To some stranger
on the other end of the earth?” The stocky king demanded in a loud voice, his
face turning red. “You’re out of your minds!” </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Zopyrus did not dare translate that verbatim,
but he didn’t need to. Tisibazus, who understood some Greek, had understood the
gist of it without translation and answered immediately. “No. Rather <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">you</i> are mad not to accept this generous
offer. The Great King could simply have come with his armies and wiped you out.
He could have obliterated your entire insignificant city without so much as a
siege!” He gestured with his hand as if he were shooing away a fly. “Instead,
His Magnificence has shown the kindness of a father toward a wayward son. He
has given you the chance to be taken under his care. He has given you an
opportunity to become part of his great empire. You should be grateful.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The two kings looked at one another, and then
both stood and walked out of the chamber together without another word. One of
the five officials hastily announced. “We will have to take this to the
Assembly. We will put it to the Assembly. You will have your answer in three
days.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-16776383839080361952019-11-15T13:00:00.000+01:002019-11-16T11:14:08.705+01:00"Athens discards her heroes..."<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Great as the victory at Marathon had been, it was not decisive. The Persian capacity to launch a new campaign was undiminished and the Persian determination to do so increased. The Spartans knew what was coming, and in this excerpt from <span style="color: black;"><i>A Heroic King,</i></span> Leonidas is in Athens trying to assess the willingness and ability of Athens to withstand a new assault. </span></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-er6t0nkdV2Y/XSmia-ULxHI/AAAAAAAAMF0/Q-xWzwWiwbgVNYttTjr_sAZ7muB8_xBGQCLcBGAs/s1600/Cover%2B2%2B-%2BA%2BPeerless%2BPeer%2B%25283%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="555" height="211" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-er6t0nkdV2Y/XSmia-ULxHI/AAAAAAAAMF0/Q-xWzwWiwbgVNYttTjr_sAZ7muB8_xBGQCLcBGAs/s320/Cover%2B2%2B-%2BA%2BPeerless%2BPeer%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Rain, driven by a strong wind, swept in from the east. The sky darkened dramatically and the clouds hung low, reaching out ephemeral yet ominous hands toward the rooftops. The temperature dropped abruptly and men clutched capes and cloaks more tightly around their shoulders, even before the first heavy drops of rain fell from the hostile sky. The torrent that followed pelted the open squares so violently that the drops jumped up again like millions of tiny fountains, while the rooftops reverberated. The rush of water overwhelmed the gutters and fell in sheets from the roofs, to join the rivulets cascading over the paving stones and sweeping refuse down the alleyways.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Leonidas and his companions dived for cover under the nearest roof and found themselves in the shopfront of a shoemaker. Belts hung from hooks hammered into the plaster wall, and pairs of sandals were lined up in neat rows. The man and his two apprentice sons looked up astonished from their workbenches as four armored men suddenly burst into the humble shop.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">One of the boys gaped with an open mouth, but the older man, sitting astride his workbench and pushing a thick needle with thread through the sole of a sandal, got to his feet and came forward, bobbing his head. “My lord, what an honor!” His words were directed not to the Spartan king, whom he did not recognize, but to young Kimon, who had offered to help Leonidas negotiate with the outraged landlord about the damages allegedly done by the Minotaur’s crew.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Ah―” Kimon took a moment to remember the name, and then it came to him. “Demeas! What a surprise! How are you?” Before the man could answer, he added, “This is King Leonidas of Sparta.” The shoemaker dutifully bobbed his head to Leonidas, while Kimon continued with the introductions. “Demeas fought with my father at Marathon.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Indeed! What a day that was! Look!” the shoemaker ordered the Spartan king, “I got this wound there!” He turned slightly sideways and lifted his short, rough chiton to reveal an ugly scar that ran down the side of his thigh. “And there hangs my hoplon!” He pointed deeper into the darkness of the shop, where a battered hoplon hung beside a sword in its baldric.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Are you well, Demeas?” Kimon asked the shoemaker with apparent interest. “I heard you were ill.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“No, not really, but business is bad.” He shook his head. “Too many cheap wares fl flooding the market from Thessaly these days. They have cheap leather up there because they have room for huge herds of cattle. The workmanship is crap, but people aren’t willing to pay for quality anymore. All they care about is the price! If it’s cheap, they’ll buy it even if the straps break in a fortnight. Then they run back and buy another pair of cheap sandals, rather than investing in good wares like these!” He grabbed a pair and held them out to Kimon as if he expected him to inspect them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Kimon nodded politely and remarked, “I’m sorry I have not sent my steward around to buy for the household as my father used to do. I just can’t afford it.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“I know, my lord―not after the fines the Assembly leveled on your good father. I voted against it! You can be sure many of us did.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“I know, Demeas,” Kimon assured him. “I was there, even if I wasn’t old enough to vote.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“They drove your father to his grave, they did―Xanthippos and the others.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Kimon drew a deep breath but answered with restraint, sad rather than angry: “My father was seriously wounded, Demeas. There was little hope for his recovery.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“But these ungrateful wretches! If you’d but seen him at Marathon. No one fought better than he did―but they would not even let him put up a monument to himself!”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“But it is true, Demeas, that he could not have won the battle without the others―without you.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Well said,” Leonidas remarked, prompting Kimon to add, “In Sparta, no living man is allowed a monument―isn’t that right, Leonidas?”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Yes. Not even Olympic victors,” Leonidas agreed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Demeas looked surprised, but not particularly taken with the idea. “But why not? If a man has done something noteworthy, why should he have to die before it is commemorated?”</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Perhaps because too much praise can go to a man’s head―and a man who is top-heavy tends to fall down,” Leonidas explained.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Demeas liked that and laughed heartily, but then he turned to Kimon again and asked, “Is it true, my lord, that we’re all to get ten drachma apiece from the silver mines?” </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“That’s the proposal of the Council,” Kimon assured him. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“I could use ten drachma!” Demeas admitted. “There’s a break somewhere in the drainage pipe from our latrine, and I need to have the whole thing dug up and replaced. Besides, my daughter’s almost twelve, and I’ll need a dowry for her soon.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Ten drachma won’t last for long, though, will it?” a deep voice growled as another man entered the little shop. The newcomer was stocky with a burly chest and a thick, short neck. His short-cropped curly beard and short hair were wet with rain. His chiton came to mid-calf, an awkward length that had neither the elegance of the long robes worn by the rich nor the practicality of the knee-length clothes of workmen and slaves. His nose was rather flat in his broad face, but his eyes were sharp and seemed to glint even in the poor light. They focused directly and pointedly on Leonidas. “King Leonidas, if I’m not mistaken?”</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“You are not mistaken, and with whom do I have the honor?”</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Themistocles, son of Neocles.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Ah!” Leonidas recognized the name. He had heard much about this man already. But to be sure he was not mistaken, he added, “The man who wanted to build a wall around Piraeus?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Yes, that’s me,” Themistocles agreed, his eyes still inspecting Leonidas intently. Abruptly he broke eye contact with Leonidas and turned on the poor shoemaker. “So, Master Shoemaker, you could use ten drachma, but what happens after the ten drachma are used up?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Demeas shrugged, “At least I’ll have a fixed drainage pipe.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The others laughed, but not unkindly. Themistocles clapped him on the shoulder and declared, “Indeed, so you would. But what would you say to money that comes in year after year? Not just once, but with every summer?”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Is there that much silver in the mines?”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“No. That’s the point. The silver won’t go on forever. But if we invest the silver in something that makes Athens strong―really strong―we could multiply the benefits many-fold and keep the money coming in for years into the future.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“How?” the shoemaker wanted to know.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“You’ll hear about it at the Assembly tomorrow,” Themistocles promised. “But remember what I said. My proposal will put money in the hands of Athens’ poor for generations to come.” Then, without even drawing a new breath, he pointed to a pair of sandals and declared, “Those look about my size.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Demeas hastened to hand them to him. Themistocles inspected the sandals closely, pulling expertly at the places where they were most likely to come apart, then sat down on the nearest bench, removed the muddy sandals from his feet, and tried on the new pair.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Meanwhile, Kimon, noting that the rain had let up, suggested to Leonidas that they continue….[Outside, Kimon explained Themistocles plan to build 100 triremes, adding] “Themistocles is a brilliant man. My father mistrusted him yet warned me never to underestimate him. Themistocles seems to have an uncanny ability to anticipate developments. Certainly, if Themistocles’ walls had been finished in time, we would have had no need to fear the Persians during the last invasion. Can a navy replace walls? Can it defeat an enemy like Persia before it lands? I don’t know. But I certainly doubt whether even Themistocles can convince the Athenian Assembly―men like Demeas―to give up their ten drachma for the sake of a navy.”</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“But the navy would put money in their pockets, too. That was his point,” Eurybiades entered the conversation. “He’s trusting that men much poorer than Demeas will see the advantages of a standing fleet that needs more than seventeen thousand oarsmen―year after year.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Yes, that’s what he’s counting on,” Kimon agreed. “But triremes don’t last forever. They ream from beaching too often or grow barnacles from being too long at sea. And once they start taking on water or can’t keep up with the others, they will be discarded like a pair of old shoes. Who will pay then for the new ships? Go down to Piraeus and count the number of hulks rotting on the shore―all once-proud triremes.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Athens discards her heroes when they no longer serve her,” Leonidas reflected sadly, adding softly, “Like your father.” Kimon sighed and looked away, not meeting Leonidas’ eyes. “Why do you stay? With the money you paid to an ungrateful Assembly, you could have founded a colony somewhere else. My brother did.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“I can’t leave,” Kimon admitted, helplessly gesturing to the city around him. “Athens isn’t Aristides and Xanthippos―much less Kallixenos or Pheidon! It’s not even Themistocles or my father. It’s Demeas and all the men like him: men without any particular politics or vision, yet a dogged determination to be themselves. Demeas can’t afford his panoply, and he is certainly no trained soldier like you Spartans, but when the Persians landed at Marathon, he was there with that battered hoplon and his cheap sword, and he stood for six hours with blood gushing from his thigh against the onslaught of an army twice our size.” Kimon shrugged. “I can’t explain it, but it has to do with something in the air here. Freedom―despite the stink of broken latrines.” He paused and turned to look at Leonidas. “And, I promise you, they will fi ght for it as they did at Marathon. They will fight when the Persians come, by land or by sea. They will die fighting rather than surrender their freedom. You can count on that, Leonidas. On us.”</span></div>
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Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1372514135668446210.post-42597679623100440232019-10-15T13:12:00.001+02:002019-10-15T13:12:29.373+02:00The Chians did not go crawling on their bellies....<br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">The Ionian Revolt was hastily suppressed, leaving hundreds of men dead -- and the women and children in slavery. Herodotus specifically mentions the castration of attractive boys. In this excerpt from <span style="color: black;">A Heroic King</span>, one of those slave boys, now serving the concubines of a Persian Ambassador on a diplomatic mission, finds himself in Sparta </span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">“What can I sell you today, young sir?” said the woman behind the sweets stand, bringing him back to the present.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">“Oh, I’m just a slave,” he hastened to correct her, ever conscious of his status. “But―but I do have money to buy―for my mistress. I’m sure she’d like some of these.” He pointed to the honey squares.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">“<i>Only</i> those?” the saleswoman asked, astonished. “What about some of the raisin and walnut tarts? Or my lemon squares? Do you want to test my wares to be sure they are good enough?” she suggested with a little wink.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">Danei understood her gesture as one of kindness from a woman showing sympathy for a boy in bondage. Her kindness lured a smile from him as he glanced up and asked, “May I try the lemon squares and the almond tarts, please?”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">She smiled back and bent to retrieve a knife from under the counter to start cutting into her wares. His eyes focused hungrily on the sweets, Danei did not realize someone had come up behind him until a deep male voice asked, “Where are you from, young man?”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">Danei nearly jumped out of his skin. He turned to look over his shoulder at the owner of the voice and felt his heart in his throat. It was one of the Spartiates―tall, muscular, tanned, and wearing bronze armor including a helmet tipped on the back of his neck, the nosepiece resting on his forehead. Danei wanted to flee. He started to shrink back, away from this man who smelled of sweat and bronze and freedom. “I―I’m―no one,” Danei told him. “I’m sorry.” He turned to run, but the woman stopped him.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">“There’s nothing to be afraid of, young sir. That’s just the master come to snatch a slice of cheesecake for himself. Here.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">Still poised to flee, Danei turned to look at her. She was smiling at him, an almond tart on the palm of her hand. “You need it more than he does,” she noted with a little nod in the direction of her master―who, incomprehensibly, laughed at her impudence.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">Danei gaped. No Persian’s slave would risk using such a tone of voice with his master, and if they did, they would probably have their tongue torn out. “It’s all right,” she assured him gently, “the master won’t hurt you.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">“She’s right. I won’t.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">Danei still hesitated, but now it was in shame rather than fear. The man was the embodiment of masculinity, and Danei felt the scar between his legs as if he were naked. He looked down at the pavement beneath his feet, rooted to it from sheer humiliation. He was remembering how they had been lined up and castrated on a bloody block, one after the other, without so much as a glass of wine. Two men held the boys down backward over the block. The surgeon made a few expert cuts with his knife. The removed genitals landed in a bucket that had to be emptied several times before the day was over, and then each new eunuch was pushed off the block to make room for the next victim.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">Danei had struggled too much at the wrong moment. The surgeon’s knife slipped and the man cursed in professional annoyance. Another man grabbed Danei and crushed a cloth down into his wound with all his might, ignoring Danei’s screams. Danei passed out. When he came to again, a crude bandage was made fast to his crotch with tarred twine and the bleeding had slowed to a trickle, but he would never again walk without a limp.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">He was yanked from his memories by the saleswoman. She reached out and took his hand, pressing her pastry into it. As he looked up and met her eyes, he saw only his mother looking back at him, not just pitying him but encouraging him, too. He closed his eyes, unable to bear it.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">“You speak with the accent of the islands,” the terrifying Spartan hoplite insisted. “Which island are you from?”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">Danei looked up at him and mouthed the word. When was the last time he’d dared utter it? “Chios, master,” he whispered, and then he dropped his eyelids over his eyes to hide his tears. The word, said at last, instantly conjured up images: the sun coming up over the Aegean, the smell of the soil when his father turned it with a plow, the humming of the bees in their little orchard, his mother singing ….</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">“Chios?” the Spartan inquired, unsure if he had read the youth’s lips correctly.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">Danei nodded, his eyes still down and staring, unintentionally, at the Spartan’s sandaled feet while his free hand tugged unconsciously at the hem of his shirt, pulling it down to cover his crotch more completely.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">There was a pause. Then the deep voice said softly, “A man’s heart―not his extremities―make him a man. My life was once saved by a squadron of Chian triremes. I know the Chians did not go crawling on their bellies to the Persians, but died upright, as free men. I believe the sons of such men have the hearts of lions―no matter what the Persians have done to their bodies.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">Danei gasped and looked up. Their eyes met only for an instant, and then the Spartan turned and was gone. Danei stood rooted to the pavement and watched the Spartan continue down the street. He was filled with a strange sensation of lightness.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">Danei’s father had been boatswain on one of Chios’ proud triremes, and he had been killed at sea in the great sea battle. More than half of Chios’ ships had been crushed and sunk in that battle, but the remainder, with shattered rams and crushed sides, limping and listing, had been dragged to Chios by the triumphant Persians. There the captive men had been hog-tied and run up the halyards of their own ships like bunting. There they had been left to die slowly of thirst as the sun burned them like rotting grapes. Danei had recognized some of the men, the fathers and brothers of friends, his cousins, a maternal uncle. While the men died overhead, the Persians had herded the boys onto the open decks and divided them into categories: the galleys, the mines, whores, eunuchs ….</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">Danei stared after the Spartan until he turned a corner and was lost from sight, and still he stared after him, trying to remember with every nerve of his body what he had said. A man’s heart, not his extremities…. The image of his father, dressed as he had been the day he sailed away for the last time…. His father had died a free man…. The sons of such men…. He turned and looked at the saleswoman in wonder.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">She was no longer alone. The exchange had attracted two other Spartiates. They were younger than the man who had spoken to Danei. The first, wearing a striped chiton and hair braided at a rakish angle, remarked, “You can take his word for it, young man. He knows what he’s talking about.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">“But―who was he, master?”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">“That was Leonidas, the man who should be king of Sparta.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="color: black;">Danei looked again in the direction in which the Spartan had disappeared, as if hoping he might re-emerge, but he did not. When Danei turned back, the other Spartiates, too, had faded into the crowd. Only the woman selling sweets was still there. “How many do you want?” she asked.</span></span></span></div>
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